Alzheimer: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:PET Alzheimer.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Otak penderita Alzheimer]]
[[Berkas:PET Normal brain.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Otak normal]]
Simtoma Alzheimer ditandai dengan perubahan-perubahan yang bersifat degeneratif pada sejumlah sistem [[neurotransmiter]], termasuk perubahan fungsi pada sistem neural monoaminergik yang melepaskan [[asam glutamat]], [[noradrenalin]], [[serotonin]] dan serangkaian sistem yang dikendalikan oleh neurotransmiter.<ref name="PM12934968">{{en}}{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934968
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}}</ref>
[[Sekretase#Sekretase-beta|Sekretase-β]] dan [[presenilin]]-1 merupakan
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085800
| title = Preservation of cortical sortilin protein levels in MCI and Alzheimer's disease
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| accessdate = 2010-06-28
| work = Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet; Darreh-Shori T, Forsberg A, Modiri N, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Kamil C, Ahmed H, Almkvist O, Långström B, Nordberg A.
}}</ref> menurunnya rasio
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7475976
| title = Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone in neurodegenerative diseases: reduction in spinocerebellar degeneration
| accessdate = 2010-06-28
| work = Department of Psychogeriatrics and Psychoneuroendocrinology; Suemaru S, Suemaru K, Kawai K, Miyata S, Nobukuni K, Ihara Y, Namba R, Urakami K, Hashimoto K.
}}</ref> dan terpicunya simtoma [[hipoglisemia]] di dalam
Selain disfungsi
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578751
| title = The molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
| accessdate = 2010-06-27
| work = Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile; Maccioni RB, Muñoz JP, Barbeito L.
}}</ref> hingga terbentuk tumpukan [[filamen PH|PHF]]. Hiperfosforilasi juga menjadi penghalang terbentuknya ligasi antara protein S100beta dan [[protein tau|tau]], dan menyebabkan [[distrofi neurita]], meskipun kelainan
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264299
| title = S100beta interaction with tau is promoted by zinc and inhibited by hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease
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| accessdate = 2010-06-29
| work = Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo-RP; S Roriz-Filho J, Sá-Roriz TM, Rosset I, Camozzato AL, Santos AC, Chaves ML, Moriguti JC, Roriz-Cruz M.
}}</ref> Namun meski [[insulin]] menginduksi oligomerasi amiloid-beta, insulin juga menghambat enzim aktivitas enzim [[kaspase]]-9 dan kaspase-3 yang juga membawa sinyal apoptosis, dan menstimulasi
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20490276
| title = Insulin promotes survival of amyloid-beta oligomers neuroblastoma damaged cells via caspase 9 inhibition and Hsp70 upregulation
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}}</ref>
Terdapat kontroversi minor dengan dugaan bahwa hiperfosforilasi tersebut disebabkan oleh infeksi laten oleh
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055667
| title = Alzheimer's neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes
|