Parasetamol: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{drugbox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 456349142
| IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide<br>''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
| image = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg
| image2 = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
| drug_name =
<!--Clinical data-->
| pronounce = Parasetamol: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}}<br />Asetaminofen: {{IPAc-en|audio=Acetaminophen.ogg|ə|ˌ|s|iː|t|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|f|ɨ|n}}
| tradename = [[Tylenol (merek)|Tylenol]], [[Panadol (merek)|Panadol]], [[Daftar merek nama parasetamol|lain-lain]]<ref name=drugs.com-internatl>{{cite web|title=International Listings for Paracetamol|url=http://www.drugs.com/international/paracetamol.html|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|acetaminophen}}
| MedlinePlus = a681004
| licence_US = Acetaminophen
| pregnancy_AU = A
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_category = Tidak dites namun umumnya aman
| legal_AU = unscheduled
| legal_UK = GSL
|}▼
| legal_US = OTC
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Buccal administration|through the cheek]], [[rectal administration|rectal]], [[Intravenous administration|intravenous]] (IV)
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 63–89%<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 9780977517459 | title = Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence | author = Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine | year = 2010 | publisher = National Health and Medical Research Council | location = Melbourne, Australia | url = http://www.anzca.edu.au/resources/college-publications/pdfs/Acute%20Pain%20Management/books-and-publications/acutepain.pdf | format = PDF | edition = 3rd |editor1=Macintyre, PE |editor2=Schug, SA |editor3=Scott, DA |editor4=Visser, EJ |editor5=Walker, SM }}</ref>{{rp|73}}
| protein_bound = 10–25%<ref>{{cite web|title=Tylenol, Tylenol Infants' Drops (acetaminophen) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|accessdate=10 May 2014 |url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/tylenol-acetaminophen-343346#showall}}</ref>
| metabolism = Utama di hati<ref name = TGA>{{cite web|title=Codapane Forte Paracetamol and codeine phosphate PRODUCT INFORMATION|work=TGA eBusiness Services|publisher=Alphapharm Pty Limited|date=29 April 2013|accessdate=10 May 2014 |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05623-3|format=PDF}}</ref>
| metabolites = APAP [[Glucuronide|gluc]], APAP [[sulfate]], [[NAPQI]], APAP-[[GSH]], APAP-[[cys]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Acetaminophen Pathway (therapeutic doses), Pharmacokinetics |accessdate=13 January 2016 |url=https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165986279}}</ref>
| elimination_half-life = 1–4 jam<ref name = TGA/>
| excretion = Urin (85–90%)<ref name = TGA/>
| onset = Pain relief onset by [[Route of administration|route]]:<br />[[Oral administration|By mouth]] – 37 minutes<ref name="Buccal route">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pickering G, Macian N, Libert F, Cardot JM, Coissard S, Perovitch P, Maury M, Dubray C | title = Buccal acetaminophen provides fast analgesia: two randomized clinical trials in healthy volunteers | journal = Drug Des. Devel. Ther. | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 1621–1627 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25302017 | pmc = 4189711 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S63476 | quote = bAPAP has a faster time of antinociception onset (15 minutes, P<0.01) and greater antinociception at 50 minutes (P<0.01, CT1) and 30 minutes (P<0.01, CT2) than ivAPAP and sAPAP. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. ... In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route.}}</ref><br />[[Buccal administration|Buccal]] – 15 minutes<ref name="Buccal route" /><br />[[Intravenous]] – 8 minutes<ref name="Buccal route" />
<!--Identifiers-->
| IUPHAR_ligand = 5239
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 103-90-2
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = BE01
| PubChem = 1983
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00316
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 1906
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 362O9ITL9D
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00217
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 46195
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 112
| PDB_ligand = TYL
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=8 | H=9 | N=1 | O=2
| molecular_weight = 151.163 g/mol
| smiles = CC(NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1)=O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| density = 1.263
| melting_point = 169
| boiling_point = 420
| melting_notes =<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ci0500132 | title = General Melting Point Prediction Based on a Diverse Compound Data Set and Artificial Neural Networks | year = 2005 | last1 = Karthikeyan | first1 = M. | last2 = Glen | first2 = R. C. | last3 = Bender | first3 = A. | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 581–590 | pmid = 15921448}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | title = melting point data for paracetamol |publisher=Lxsrv7.oru.edu | accessdate = 19 March 2011 }}</ref>
| solubility = 7.21 g/kg (0 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/je990124v | title = Solubility of paracetamol in pure solvents |vauthors=Granberg RA, Rasmuson AC | journal = [[Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data]] | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 1391–95 | year = 1999}}</ref><br />
8.21 g/kg (5 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br />
9.44 g/kg (10 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br />
10.97 g/kg (15 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br />
12.78 g/kg (20 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br />
~14<!-- mg/ml (20 °C) is appended-->
'''Parasetamol''' atau '''asetaminofen''' adalah [[obat]] [[analgesik]] dan [[antipiretik]] yang populer dan digunakan untuk melegakan [[sakit kepala]], sengal-sengal dan sakit ringan, serta [[demam]]. Digunakan dalam sebagian besar resep obat [[analgesik]] [[selesma]] dan [[flu]]. Ia aman dalam dosis standar, tetapi karena mudah didapat, ''overdosis'' obat baik sengaja ataupun tidak sering terjadi.
Baris 77 ⟶ 128:
[[Kategori:Fenol]]
[[Kategori:Analgesik]]
[[Kategori:Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]
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