Arkea: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 111:
cite journal|author=Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P |title=Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5765 |pages=1283–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16513982 |doi=10.1126/science.1123061 |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1283C|last2=Doerks |last3=von Mering |last4=Creevey |last5=Snel |last6=Bork }}</ref>}}
 
Bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa [[Abiogenesis|kehidupan dimulai]] di Bumi setidaknya 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu.<ref name='AmSci'>{{cite journal |last=de Duve |first=Christian |authorlink=Christian de Duve |title=The Beginnings of Life on Earth |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-beginnings-of-life-on-earth/1 |journal=[[American Scientist]] |date=October 1995 |accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="AT-20120904">{{cite web |last=Timmer |first=John |title=3.5 billion year old organic deposits show signs of life|url=http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/09/3-5-billion-year-old-organic-deposts-show-signs-of-life/ |date=4 September 2012 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |accessdate=15 January 2014 }}</ref> Bukti-bukti awal untuk [[kehidupan di Bumi]] adalah grafit ditemukan biogenik di batuan metasedimentary 3,7 miliar tahun ditemukan di [[Greenland]] Barat<ref name="NG-20131208">{{cite web |url =http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2025.html|authors= Yoko Ohtomo, Takeshi Kakegawa, Akizumi Ishida, Toshiro Nagase, Minik T. Rosing| title =Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks |publisher =''[[Nature Geoscience]]''|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|date=8 December 2013|accessdate =9 Dec 2013 }}</ref> dan [[fosil]] [[tikar mikroba]] yang ditemukan di [[batu pasir]] setua 3,48 miliar tahun ditemukan di [[Australia Barat]].<ref name="AP-20131113">{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth|title=Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html |date=13 November 2013 |work=[[AP News]]|accessdate=15 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="AST-20131108">{{cite journal |last1=Noffke|first1=Nora|last2=Christian |first2=Daniel |last3=Wacey |first3=David |last4=Hazen |first4=Robert M.|title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia|url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |date=8 November 2013 |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)]] |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |accessdate=15 November 2013 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N |pmid=24205812 |pmc=3870916 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=1103–24}}</ref>
 
Meskipun [[fosil]] sel prokariotik kemungkinan setua hampir 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu, sebagian besar prokariota tidak memiliki morfologi dan bentuk fosil khas tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mereka sebagai arkea.<ref>{{
Baris 184:
cite journal |author=Lake JA. |title=Origin of the eukaryotic nucleus determined by rate-invariant analysis of rRNA sequences |journal=Nature |volume=331 |issue=6152 |pages=184–6 |year=1988 |pmid=3340165 |doi=10.1038/331184a0|bibcode = 1988Natur.331..184L }}</ref> Sebuah hipotesis alternatif, [[hipotesis eosit]], berpendapat bahwa [[Eukaryota]] muncul relatif terlambat dari Archaea.<ref name=2domains>{{cite journal |first1=Tom A. |last1= Williams |first2=Peter G. |last2=Foster |first3=Cymon J. |last3=Cox |first4=T. Martin |last4=Embley |title=An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life |journal=Nature |volume=504 |issue=7479 |pages=231–236 |date=December 2013 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v504/n7479/full/nature12779.html |doi=10.1038/nature12779 |pmid=24336283|bibcode= 2013Natur.504..231W }}</ref>
 
Sebuah garis keturunan baru ditemukan dari arkea, ''[[Lokiarchaeum]]'', dinamakan untuk ventilasi hidrotermal yang disebut Kastil Loki di Samudra Arktik, telah ditemukan paling erat kaitannya dengan eukariota. Ini telah disebut organisme peralihan antara prokariota dan eukariota.<ref name="NYT-20150506">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Under the Sea, a Missing Link in the Evolution of Complex Cells |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/science/under-the-sea-a-missing-link-in-the-evolution-of-complex-cells.html |date=May 6, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=May 6, 2015 }}</ref><ref>http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature14447</ref>
 
== Morfologi ==