Sejarah Bumi: Perbedaan antara revisi

Periode dari 900–200 SM dinyatakan sebagai [[Zaman Poros]] bagi peradaban manusia, yaitu zaman ketika fondasi spiritualitas umat manusia terjadi serentak dan mandiri di beberapa belahan dunia. Tradisi filosofis yang berkembang pada zaman tersebut meliputi: [[monoteisme]] di [[Persia]] dan [[Kanaan]]; [[Platonisme]] di [[Yunani]]; [[Buddhisme]], [[Jainisme]], dan [[Hinduisme]] di India; [[Konfusianisme]] dan [[Taoisme]] di Cina. Berbagai adat dan [[sains]] (dalam bentuk primitif) bermunculan, seperti sistem [[teokrasi]] dan produksi [[kereta perang]]. Di [[Mediterania]] dan [[Timur Tengah]], peradaban-peradaban kuno berkembang dan melakukan perdagangan, serta bertempur demi wilayah dan sumber daya. Tak lama kemudian sistem [[imperium]] mulai berkembang. Sekitar 500 SM, ada sejumlah peradaban maju di [[Timur Tengah]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Cina]], dan [[Yunani]], yang sedang menuju masa kejayaannya atau menuju masa keruntuhannya.{{r|McNeill|page1=3}} Beberapa peradaban bertahan hingga abad modern meskipun tidak sejaya dulu, dan beberapa di antaranya memberi pengaruh atau fondasi bagi [[Dunia Barat]], seperti [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]] dan [[Romawi Kuno]]. Seiring perkembangan peradaban, beberapa agama didirikan, seperti [[Kristen]] (abad ke-1) dan [[Islam]] (abad ke-7).

 

Pada abad ke-14, zaman [[Renaisans]] dimulai di [[Italia]] dengan kemajuan dalam bidang agama, seni, dan sains.{{r|McNeill|page1=317–319}} Pada masa itu, Gereja Kristen sebagai entitas politik kehilangan sebagian besar kekuasaannya. Tahun 1492, [[Kristoforus Kolumbus]] mencapai benua [[Amerika]], mengawali perubahan besar pada [[Dunia Baru]]. Peradaban Eropa mulai berubah sejak 1500-an, mengantarkannya pada [[Revolusi Ilmiah]] dan [[Revolusi Industri|Industri]]. Benua tersebut mulai menebarkan dominansi politis dan budaya pada masyarakat lain di seluruh dunia pada suatu masa yang dikenal sebagai Era Kolonial.{{r|McNeill|page1=295–299}} Pada abad ke-18, gerakan kultural yang dikenal sebagai [[Abad Pencerahan]] kemudian membentuk mentalitas bangsa Eropa dan berperan penting dalam sikap sekuler mereka. Dari tahun 1914 sampai 1918, dan dari 1939 sampai 1945, bangsa-bangsa di seluruh dunia berada dalam [[perang dunia]]. [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] yang didirikan setelah [[Perang Dunia I]] merupakan usaha pertama dalam membangunan lembaga internasional untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan secara damai. Setelah gagal mencegah [[Perang Dunia II]]—konflik paling berdarah dalam sejarah umat manusia—lembaga tersebut digantikan oleh [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Setelah perang usai, banyak negara menyatakan kemerdekannya, baik dengan usaha sendiri maupun pemberian bangsa lain dalam suatu periode [[dekolonisasi]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Uni Soviet]] menjadi negara adikuasa untuk sementara, dan terlibat dalam persaingan yang dikenal sebagai [[Perang Dingin]] sampai disolusi di kemudian hari. Seiring transportasi dan komunikasi yang semakin mutakhir, perkara politis dan ekonomi antarbangsa menjadi kian berseluk-beluk. Hal ini dikenal sebagai [[globalisasi]] yang dapat mendatangkan konflik atau kerja sama.

{{Clear}}

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