|
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14468, Berlin, NS-Boykott gegen jüdische Geschäfte.jpg|thumb|Petugas di luar toko Yahudi di [[Berlin]] menempelkan poster bertuliskan "Jerman! Pertahankan dirimu! Jangan membeli dari orang-orang Yahudi!" ("''Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!''").]]
Sejarawan [[Yehuda Bauer]], [[Raul Hilberg]] dan [[Lucy Dawidowicz]] menyatakan bahwa sejak [[Abad Pertengahan]] dan seterusnya, masyarakat dan budaya di Jerman diliputi oleh [[antisemitisme]], dan bahwa ada pengaruh langsung dari [[pogrom]] pada abad pertengahan ke kamp-kamp kematian [[Nazi]].{{sfn|Bauer|1982|pp=??}}{{sfn|Hilberg|2003|page= 1, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J1iGlmLZ9I8C&pg=PA5 5]. The relevant chapter is reprinted in {{cite book |editor-last= Bartov |editor-first= Omer |editor-link= Omer Bartov |year= 2000 |title= The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages= 21–42 }}}}{{sfn|Dawidowicz|1975|pp=??}}
Pada paruh kedua abad ke-19, di Jerman dan [[Austria]]-[[Hongaria]] muncul sebuah gerakan bernama [[gerakan Völkisch]], yang dikembangkan oleh para pemikir seperti [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] dan [[Paul de Lagarde]]. Gerakan ini menyatakan bahwa Jerman harus memandang orang-orang Yahudi sebagai "ras" tandingan dalam pertarungan hidup-mati dengan ras "Arya" untuk menguasai dunia.{{sfn|Fischer|2002|pp=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0TDSnJFGGoC&pg=PA47 47–9]}} Antisemit ''Völkisch'' ini, berbeda dengan antisemit Kristen. Yahudi dipandang lebih sebagai "ras" ketimbang sebagai agama.{{sfn|Gramel|1992|pp=53–4}} Dalam pidatonya sebelum ''Reichstag'' pada tahun 1895, salah satu pemimpin ''völkisch'' bernama [[Hermann Ahlwardt]] menyebut orang-orang Yahudi sebagai "predator" dan "basil kolera" yang harus "dimusnahkan" demi kebaikan rakyat Jerman.{{sfn|Gramel|1992|p=61}} Dalam buku laris tahun 1912 berjudul ''Wenn ich der Kaiser wär'' (Jika Aku Seorang Kaiser), [[Heinrich Class]], salah satu pemimpin ''völkisch'', menyarankan agar semua Yahudi di Jerman harus dihapuskan status kewarganegaraan Jermannya dan ditetapkan sebagai ''Fremdenrecht'' (status alien).{{sfn|Friedländer|1997|p=76}} Class juga mendesak agar semua Yahudi ditiadakan dari semua aspek kehidupan Jerman, dilarang memiliki tanah sendiri, memegang jabatan publik, atau berpartisipasi dalam jurnalisme, perbankan, dan profesi liberal lainnya.{{sfn|Friedländer|1997|p=76}} Class mendefenisikan seseorang dianggap sebagai Yahudi jika menganut agama Yahudi sejak [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] diproklamirkan pada tahun 1871, atau siapapun yang setidaknya memiliki satu garis leluhur Yahudi.{{sfn|Friedländer|1997|p=76}} Selama masa Kekaisaran Jerman, gagasan ''völkisch'' ini dan rasisme "ilmiah" yang berkaitan dengan Yahudi telah menjadi hal yang umum dan diterima secara luas di Jerman.{{sfn|Evans|1989|p=69}} [[Partai Buruh Jerman Sosialis Nasional]] didirikan pada tahun 1919 sebagai cabang dari gerakan ''völkisch'', dan partai ini juga mengadopsi faham antisemit mereka.{{sfn|Fischer|2002|pp=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0TDSnJFGGoC&pg=PA47 47–51]}}
{{Stack end}}
Pada tahun 1990-an, dibukanya arsip-arsip pemerintah di [[Eropa Timur]] mengakibatkan terjadinya penyesuaian jumlah kematian yang diterbitkan dalam karya-karya Hilberg, Dawidowicz dan Gilbert (misalnya, awalnya Gilbert memperkirakan bahwa 2 juta Yahudi tewas di Auschwitz-Birkenau, dan kemudian diperbarui menjadi 1 juta). Wolfgang Benz juga telah melakukan kajian terhadap data yang lebih baru. Dia menyimpulkan pada tahun 1999:
{{quote|Tujuan untuk memusnahkan semua orang Yahudi dari Eropa, seperti yang dicanangkan dalam konferensi di villa Am Grossen Wannsee pada Januari 1942, tidak tercapai. Namun enam juta korban yang terbunuh membuat Holocaust menjadi kejahatan yang unik dalam sejarah umat manusia. Jumlah korban—dan kepastian berikut merupakan jumlah minimum dalam setiap kasus—tidak cukup akurat. Angka yang terlalu abstrak. Namun angka-angka ini harus diungkapkan untuk memperjelas dimensi [[genosida]]: 165.000 Yahudi dari Jerman, 65.000 dari Austria, 32.000 dari Perancis dan Belgia, lebih dari 100.000 dari Belanda, 60.000 dari Yunani, jumlah yang sama dari Yugoslavia, lebih dari 140.000 dari Cekoslovakia, setengah juta dari Hungaria, 2,2 juta dari Uni Soviet, dan 2,7 juta dari Polandia. Dalam jumlah ini harus ditambahkan pula semua orang yang tewas dalam pembantaian dan pembunuhan massal di Rumania dan Transitrien (lebih dari 200.000) dan Yahudi yang dideportasi dan dibunuh di Albania dan Norwegia, Denmark dan Italia, serta Luxemburg dan Bulgaria.|Benz, Wolfgang ''The Holocaust: a German historian examines the genocide''<ref>{{cite book |author=Benz, Wolfgang |title=The Holocaust: seorang sejarawan Jerman yang meneliti genosida |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=1999 |pages= |isbn=0-231-11214-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}pp. 152–153</ref>}}
==== Efek pada bahasa Yiddish ====
== Hari peringatan Holocaust ==
{{Utama|Yom HaShoah}}
Dengan suara bulat, di dalam sidang Majelis Umum [[PBB]] pada [[1 November]] [[2005]], ditetapkan bahwa tanggal [[27 Januari]] sebagai "Hari Peringatan Korban Holocaust". [[27 Januari]] [[1945]] adalah hari dimana tahanan kamp konsentrasi NAZI di Auschwitz-Birkenau dibebaskan. Bahkan sebelum PBB menetapkannya, tanggal 27 Januari telah di tetapkan sebagai Hari Peringatan Korban Holocaust oleh Kerajaan Inggris sejak tahun 2001, sebagaimana halnya di negara-negara lain, mencakup [[Swedia]], [[Italia]], [[Jerman]], [[Finlandia]], [[Denmark]] dan [[Estonia]]<ref name=AR>{{cite book |last= Harran|first=Marilyn |title=The Holocaust Chronicles, A History in Words and Pictures |year=2000 |publisher=Louis Weber |pages=Pg.697|isbn=0-7853-2963-3}}</ref>. Israel memperingati [[Yom HaShoah|Yom HaShoah vea Hagvora]], "Hari Hari Peringatan Holocaust dan Keberanian Bangsa Yahudi" pada pada hari ke 27 bulan Nisan, bulan Ibrani, yang biasanya jatuh pada bulan April<ref name="AR"/>. Hari peringatan ini biasanya juga di peringati oleh Yahudi di luar Israel<ref name="AR"/>.
== Lihat juga ==
== Bibliografi ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |last= Bauer |first= Yehuda |authorlink= Yehuda Bauer |year= 1982 |title= A History of the Holocaust |location= New York |publisher= [[Franklin Watts]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Bauer |first= Yehuda |year= 1989 |chapter= Rescue by negotiations? Jewish attempts to negotiate with the Nazis |editor= Michael R. Marrus |editor-link= Michael Marrus |title= The Nazi Holocaust, Part 9: The End of the Holocaust |publisher= [[Walter de Gruyter]] |pages= 3–21 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Bauer |first= Yehuda |year= 1998 |origyear= 1994 |chapter= Gypsies |editor1-last= [[Yisrael Gutman]] |editor2-last= [[Michael Berenbaum]] |title= Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |pages= 441–455 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Bauer |first= Yehuda |year= 2002 |title= Rethinking the Holocaust |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Benz |first= Wolfgang |year= 2007 |title= Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen- das dritte Reich |edition= 2nd |publisher= C.H. Beck |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Berenbaum |first= Michael |authorlink= Michael Berenbaum |year= 2005 |title= The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |publisher= [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Berghahn |first= Volker R. |authorlink= Volker Berghahn |year= 1999 |title= Germans and Poles, 1871–1945 |journal= Yearbook of European Studies |volume= 13 |pages= 15–36 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Black |first= Edwin |year= 2001 |title= The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Carroll & Graf Publishers]] |ref= harv }}
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* {{cite book |last= Breitman |first= Richard |year= 1991 |title= The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution |location= New York |publisher= [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Browning |first= Christopher |authorlink= Christopher Browning |year= 1992 |title= Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |location= New York |publisher= HarperCollins |ref= harv }}
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* {{cite book |last= Buchheim |first= Hans |year= 1968 |chapter= Command and Compliance |editor1-last= Helmut Krausnick |editor2-last= Hans Buchheim |editor3-last= [[Martin Broszat]]; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen|title= The Anatomy of the SS State |location= New York |publisher= Walker and Company |pages= 303–396 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Buchholz |first= Werner |year= 1999 |title= Pomern |series= Deutsche Geschicte im Osten Europas |location= Berlin |publisher= Siedler |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Burleigh |first= Michael |authorlink= Michael Burleigh |year= 2000 |chapter= Psychiatry, Society and Nazi 'Euthanasia' |pages= 43–62 |editor= Omer Bartov |editor-link= Omer Bartov |title= The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Burleigh |first1= Michael |last2= Wippermann |first2= Wolfgang |year= 1991 |title= The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Cesarani |first= David |authorlink= David Cesarani |year= 2004 |title= Holocaust: From the Persecution of the Jews to Mass Murder |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
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* {{cite book |last= Cooper |first= Robert |year= 2010 |title= The Red Triangle: The History of the Persecution of Freemasons |location= Bungay |publisher= [[Lewis Masonic]] |ref= harv }}
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* {{cite book |last= Czech |first= Danuta |year= 1989 |title= Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945 |publisher= Rowohlt, Reinbek |location= |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Dawidowicz |first= Lucy |authorlink= Lucy Dawidowicz |year= 1975 |title= The War Against the Jews |location= |publisher= |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Dawidowicz |first= Lucy |year= 1981 |title= The Holocaust and the Historians |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |ref= harv }}
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* {{cite book |last= Evans |first= Richard J. |authorlink= Richard J. Evans |year= 1989 |title= In Hitler's Shadow |location= New York, NY |publisher= Pantheon |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Evans |first= Richard J. |year= 2002 |title= Lying About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial |location= London |publisher= [[Verso Books|Verso]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Evans |first= Richard J. |year= 2008 |title= The Third Reich at War |location= London |publisher= Allen Lane |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Farbstein |first= Esther |year= 1998 |title= Diaries and Memoirs as a Historical Source: The Diary and Memoir of a Rabbi at the 'Konin House of Bondage' |url= http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203134.pdf |journal= Yad Vashem Studies |volume= 26 |pages= 87–128 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Fest |first= Joachim |authorlink= Joachim Fest |year= 1999 |title= Speer: The Final Verdict |location= San Diego, CA |publisher= [[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Finkelstein |first= Norman |authorlink= Norman Finkelstein |year= 2003 |origyear= 2000 |title= [[The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering]] |location= London & New York |publisher= [[Verso Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Fischer |first= Conan |year= 2002 |title= The Rise of the Nazis |location= Manchester |publisher= [[Manchester University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Fitzgerald |first= Stephanie |year= 2011 |title= Children of the Holocaust |location= Mankato, MN |publisher= Compass Point Books |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Gerald |year= 1987 |title= Hitler and the Final Solution |location= Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA |publisher= [[University of California Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Förster |first= Jürgen |year= 1998 |chapter= Complicity or Entanglement? |editor1-last= Michael Berenbaum |editor2-last= Abraham Peck |title= The Holocaust and History |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |pages= 266–283 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Frank |first= Anne |authorlink= Anne Frank |year= 2007 |origyear= 1947 |title= [[The Diary of a Young Girl]] |location= London |publisher= [[Penguin Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Friedlander |first= Henry |authorlink= Henry Friedlander |year= 1994 |title= Step by Step: The Expansion of Murder, 1939–1941 |journal= [[German Studies Review]] |volume= 17 |issue= 3 |pages= 495–507 |jstor= 1431896 |doi= 10.2307/1431896 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Friedlander |first= Henry |year= 1995 |title= The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Friedlander |first= Henry |year= 1997 |title= Registering the Handicapped in Nazi Germany: A Case Study |journal= Jewish History |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |pages= 89–98 |jstor= 20101303 |doi= 10.1007/BF02335679 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Friedländer |first= Saul |authorlink= Saul Friedländer |year= 1997 |title= The Years of Persecution: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933–1939 |location= London |publisher= [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Friedländer |first= Saul |year= 2007 |title= The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945 |location= London |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Garbe |first= Detlef |year= 2001 |chapter= Social Disinterest, Governmental Disinformation, Renewed Persecution, and Now Manipulation of History? |editor= Hans Hesse |title= Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime 1933–1945 |location= Bremen |publisher= Edition Temmen |pages= 251–265 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Gellately |first= Robert |authorlink= Robert Gellately |year= 2001 |title= Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Gerwarth |first= Robert |authorlink= Robert Gerwarth |year= 2011 |title= Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich |location= New Haven & London |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Gilbert |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gilbert |year= 1986 |title= The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy |location= London |publisher= [[HarperCollins|Collins]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Gilbert |first= Martin |year= 1988 |title= Atlas of the Holocaust |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Giles |first= Geoffrey J. |year= 1992 |title= The Most Unkindest Cut of All: Castration, Homosexuality and Nazi Justice |journal= [[Journal of Contemporary History]] |volume= 27 |issue= 1 |pages= 41–61 |jstor= 260778 |doi= 10.1177/002200949202700103 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Gramel |first= Hermann |year= 1992 |title= Antisemitism in the Third Reich |location= London |publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hagen |first= William W. |year= 2012 |title= German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Halbrook |first= Stephen P. |year= 2000 |title= Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews |url= http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf |journal= Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law |volume= 17 |issue= 3 |pages= 483–535 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hancock |first= Ian |authorlink= Ian Hancock |year= 2004 |chapter= Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview |chapterurl= |url= http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true |editor= Dan Stone |title= The Historiography of the Holocaust |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Palgrave-Macmillan]] |pages= 383–396 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Harran |first= Marilyn J. |year= 2000 |title=The Holocaust Chronicles: A History in Words and Pictures |url= http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/index.html |location= Lincolnwood, IL |publisher= Publications International |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Hedgepeth |first1= Sonja M. |last2= Saidel |first2= Rochelle G. |year= 2010 |title= Sexual Violence against Jewish Women During the Holocaust |location= Lebanon, NH |publisher= [[University Press of New England]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hilberg |first= Raul |authorlink= Raul Hilberg |year= 1995 |origyear= 1992 |title= Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933–1945 |location= London |publisher= [[Secker & Warburg]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hilberg |first= Raul |year= 1996 |title= The Politics of Memory: The Journey of a Holocaust Historian |location= Chicago, IL |publisher= [[Ivan R. Dee]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hilberg |first= Raul |year= 2003 |origyear= 1961 |title= [[The Destruction of the European Jews]] ''(3 volumes)'' |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hildebrand |first= Klaus |authorlink= Klaus Hildebrand |year= 2005 |origyear= 1984 |title= The Third Reich |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Hitchcock |first= William I. |year= 2009 |title= Liberation: The Bitter Road to Freedom, Europe 1944–1945 |location= London |publisher= [[Faber and Faber]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Jacobs |first= Neil G. |year= 2005 |title= Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Jeffery |first= Keith |authorlink= Keith Jeffery |year= 2010 |title= MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949 |location= London |publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Johnson |first= Paul |year= 1988 |title= A History of the Jews |location= |publisher= Harper Perennial |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Jones |editor-first= Adam |year= 2010 |title= Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |edition= 2nd |location= Abingdon |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Karski |first= Jan |authorlink= Jan Karski |year= 2012 |title= Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World |location= London |publisher= [[Penguin Classics]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Kats |first= Alfred |year= 1970 |title= Poland's Ghettos at War |location= New York, NY |publisher= Twayne Publishers |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Kárný |first= Miroslav |year= 1998 |origyear= 1994 |chapter= The Vrba and Wetzler Report |editor1-last= Yisrael Gutman |editor2-last= Michael Berenbaum |title= Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |pages= 553–568 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Kennedy |editor-first= David M. |editor-link= David M. Kennedy |year= 2007 |title= The Library of Congress World War II Companion |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |editor-last= Kermish |editor-first= Joseph |year= 1968 |title= Emmanuel Ringelblum's Notes, Hitherto Unpublished |journal= Yad Vashem Studies |volume= 7 |pages= 173–183 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Kershaw |first= Ian |authorlink= Ian Kershaw |year= 1998 |title= Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris |location= London |publisher= [[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Kershaw |first= Ian |year= 2000 |title= Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis |location= London |publisher= Allen Lane |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Klempner |first= Mark |year= 2006 |title= The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage |location= Cleveland, OH |publisher= The Pilgrim Press |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Kogon |editor1-first= E. |editor2-last= Langbein |editor2=first= H. |editor3-last= Rueckerl |editor3-first= A. |year= 1993 |title= Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Krakowski |first= Shmuel |year= 1989 |chapter= The Death Marches in the Period of the Evacuation of the Camps |editor= Michael R. Marrus |editor-link= Michael Marrus |title= The Nazi Holocaust, Part 9: The End of the Holocaust |publisher= [[Walter de Gruyter]] |pages= 476–490 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Krausnick |first= Helmut |year= 1968 |chapter= The Persecution of the Jews |editor1-last= Helmut Krausnick |editor2-last= Hans Buchheim |editor3-last= Martin Broszat; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen |title= The Anatomy of the SS State |location= New York, NY |publisher= Walker and Company |pages= 1–125 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Kudryashov |first= Sergei |year= 2004 |chapter= Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards |editor1-last= Mark Erickson |editor2-last= Ljubica Erickson |title= Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson |location= London |publisher= [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |pages= 226–239 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Kwiet |first= Konrad |year= 1998 |title= Rehearsing for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941 |url= http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Konrad-Kwiets-Rehearsing-for-Murder-in-1941.pdf |journal= [[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]] |volume= 12 |issue= 1 |pages= 3–26 |doi= 10.1093/hgs/12.1.3 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Lador-Lederer |first= Joseph |year= 1980 |title= World War II: Jews as Prisoners of War |journal= Israel Yearbook on Human Rights |volume= 10 |pages= 70–89 |location= Tel Aviv |publisher= [[Tel Aviv University]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Leff |first= Laurel |year= 2005 |title= [[Buried by the Times|Buried by The Times: The Holocaust and American's Most Important Newspaper]] |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Lemkin |first= Raphael |authorlink= Raphael Lemkin |year= 2005 |title= Axis Rule In Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress |location= New York, NY |publisher= Lawbook Exchange |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Lewis |first= Jon E. |year= 2002 |title= The Mammoth Book of Heroes |location= London |publisher= [[Constable & Robinson]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Lifton |first= Robert J. |authorlink= Robert Jay Lifton |year= 2000 |origyear= 1986 |title= The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide |location= New York |publisher= [[Basic Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Linn |first= Ruth |authorlink= Ruth Linn |year= 2004 |title= Escaping Auschwitz: A Culture of Forgetting |location= Ithaca, NY |publisher= [[Cornell University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Longerich |first= Peter |authorlink= Peter Longerich |year= 2003 |origyear= 2001 |title= The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution |location= Stroud |publisher= Tempus Publishing |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Longerich |first= Peter |year= 2010 |title= Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Longerich |first= Peter |year= 2012 |title= Heinrich Himmler |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Lower |first= Wendy |year= 2006 |chapter= The {{'}}''reibungslose''{{'}} Holocaust? The German Military and Civilian Implementation of the 'Final Solution' in Ukraine, 1941–1944 |editor1-last= Gerald D. Feldman |editor2-last= Wolfgang Seibel |title= Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business, and the Organization of the Holocaust |location= New York & Oxford |publisher= Berghahn Books |pages= 236–256 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Lusane |first= Clarence |authorlink= Clarence Lusane |year= 2003 |title= Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era |location= London; New York |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Maier |first= Charles S. |authorlink= Charles S. Maier |year= 1988 |title= The Unmasterable Past |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Mann |first= Michael |authorlink= Michael Mann (sociologist) |year= 2005 |title= The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing |location= New York |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Marrus |first= Michael R. |year= 2000 |title= The Holocaust in History |location= Toronto |publisher= KeyPorter |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Matthäus |first= Jürgen |year= 2004 |chapter= Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941 |title= ''In [[Christopher Browning]]''. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942 |location= Jerusalem |publisher= [[Yad Vashem]] |pages= 244–308 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Mazower |first= Mark |authorlink= Mark Mazower |year= 2008 |title= Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe |location= London |publisher= Allen Lane |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Michael |first1= Robert |last2= Doerr |first2= Karin |year= 2002 |title= Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich |publisher= Greenwood Press |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Milton |first= Sybil |year= 1990 |title= The Context of the Holocaust |journal= [[German Studies Review]] |volume= 13 |issue= 2 |pages= 269–283 |jstor= 1430708 |doi= 10.2307/1430708 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Montague |first= Patrick |year= 2012 |title= Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp |location= London |publisher= [[I.B.Tauris]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Möller |first= Horst |authorlink= Horst Möller |year= 1999 |title= Der rote Holocaust und die Deutschen. Die Debatte um das 'Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus' |location= Munich |publisher= [[Piper Verlag]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Mommsen |first= Hans |authorlink= Hans Mommsen |year= 2003 |chapter= The New Historical Consciousness |pages= 114–124 |editor= Ernst Piper |title= Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? |publisher= Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Müller |first1= Rolf-Dieter |last2= Ueberschär |first2= Gerd R. |year= 2002 |title= Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment |location= New York & Oxford |publisher= [[Berghahn Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Müller-Hill |first= Benno |year= 1998 |title= Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany, 1933–1945 |location= Plainview, NY |publisher= [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Murray |first1= Williamson |authorlink1= Williamson Murray |last2= Millett |first2= Allan R. |year= 2000 |title= A War To Be Won |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Naimark |first= Norman M. |authorlink= Norman Naimark |year= 2001 |title= Fires of Hatred |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Neugebauer |first= Wolfgang |year= 1998 |title= Racial Hygiene in Vienna 1938 |url= http://www.doew.at/information/mitarbeiter/beitraege/rachyg.html |journal= Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift |issue= Special Edition |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Nicosia |first= Francis R. |year= 2000 |title= The Third Reich & the Palestine Question |location= New Brunswick, NJ |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Niewyk |first1= Donald L. |last2= Nicosia |first2= Francis R. |year= 2000 |title= The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Niewyk |first= Donald L. |year= 2012 |chapter= The Holocaust: Jews, Gypsies, and the Handicapped |editor1-last= Parsons |editor1-first= Samuel |editor2-last= Totten |editor2-first= William S. |title= Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages= 191–248 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Noakes |first1= Jeremy |last2= Pridham |first2= Geoffrey |year= 1983 |title= Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, 1919–1945 |publisher= Schocken Books |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Novick |first= Peter |authorlink= Peter Novick |year= 1999 |title= [[The Holocaust in American Life]] |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Pelt |first= Robert Jan van |authorlink= Robert Jan van Pelt |year= 2002 |title= The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Petrie |first= Jon |year= 2000 |title= The Secular Word 'HOLOCAUST': Scholarly Myths, History, and Twentieth Century Meanings |url= http://www.berkeleyinternet.com/holocaust |journal= Journal of Genocide Research |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 31–63 |doi= 10.1080/146235200112409 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Peukert |first= Detlev |authorlink= Detlev Peukert |year= 1987 |title= Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism In Everyday Life |location= London |publisher= Batsford |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Peukert |first= Detlev |year= 1994 |chapter= The Genesis of the 'Final Solution' from the Spirit of Science |editor= David F. Crew |title= Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945 |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages= 274–299 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Phayer |first= Michael |authorlink= Michael Phayer |year= 2000 |title= The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Pinkus |first= Benjamin |year= 1990 |title= The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Pinkus |first= Oscar |year= 2005 |title= The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler |location= Jefferson, NC |publisher= [[McFarland & Company]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Piotrowski |first= Tadeusz |authorlink= Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |year= 1998 |title= Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 |location= Jefferson, NC |publisher= [[McFarland & Company]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Piper |first= Franciszek |authorlink= Franciszek Piper |year= 1998 |origyear= 1994 |chapter= Gas chambers and Crematoria |editor1-last= [[Yisrael Gutman]] |editor2-last= [[Michael Berenbaum]] |title= Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= Indiana University Press |pages= 157–182 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Poprzeczny |first= Joseph |year= 2004 |title= Odilo Globocnik: Hitler's Man in the East |location= Jefferson, NC |publisher= [[McFarland & Company]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Porat |first= Dina |year= 2002 |chapter= The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects |editor= [[David Cesarani]] |title= The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages= 159–174 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Proctor |first= Robert |year=1988 |title= Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Rosefielde |first= Steven |authorlink1= Steven Rosefielde |year= 2009 |title= Red Holocaust |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Routledge]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Ryan |first1= Donna F. |last2= Schuchman |first2= John S. |year= 2002 |title= Deaf People in Hitler's Europe |location= Washington, DC |publisher= [[Gallaudet University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Samuels |first= Simon |year= 2001 |chapter= Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust |editor= Alan S. Rosenbaum |title= Is the Holocaust Unique? |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |pages= 472–494 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Sereny |first= Gitta |authorlink= Gitta Sereny |year= 1995 |origyear= 1974 |title= Into That Darkness: From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder |location= London |publisher= [[Pimlico Books|Pimlico]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Snyder |first= Timothy |authorlink= Timothy D. Snyder |year= 2010 |title= [[Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]] |location= London |publisher= [[The Bodley Head]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Steinweis |first= Alan E. |year= 2001 |title= The Holocaust and American Culture: An Assessment of Recent Scholarship |journal= [[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]] |volume= 15 |issue= 2 |pages= 296–310 |doi= 10.1093/hgs/15.2.296 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite journal |last= Strous |first= Rael D. |year= 2007 |title= Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional |url= http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/6/1/8 |journal= Annals of General Psychiatry |volume= 6 |issue= 8 |pages= 8 |doi= 10.1186/1744-859X-6-8 |ref= harv }}
* {{Cite book|last= Suhl |first= Yuri|title= They Fought Back|year= 1987|publisher=Schocken |location= New York|isbn= 978-0-8052-0479-7|ref= harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Swiebocki |first= Henryk |year= 1998 |origyear= 1994 |chapter= Prisoner Escapes |editor1-last= Yisrael Gutman |editor2-last= Michael Berenbaum |title= Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |location= Bloomington, IN |publisher= [[Indiana University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Tooze |first= Adam |authorlink= Adam Tooze |year= 2006 |title= [[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]] |location= London |publisher= Allen Lane |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Trunk |first= Isaiah |year= 1996 |origyear= 1972 |title= Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation |location= Lincoln, NE |publisher= [[University of Nebraska Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Vrba |first= Rudolf |authorlink= Rudolf Vrba |year= 2006 |origyear= 2002 |title= I Escaped from Auschwitz |location= London |publisher= [[Anova Books|Robson Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Wiesel |first= Elie |authorlink= Elie Wiesel |year= 2002 |title= After the Darkness: Reflections on the Holocaust |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Schocken Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Wiesel |first= Elie |year= 2012 |origyear= 1960 |title= [[Night (book)|Night]] |location= London |publisher= [[Penguin Books]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last1= Wood |first1= Thomas E. |last2= Jankowski |first2= Stanisław M. |year= 1994 |title= Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust |location= |publisher= |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Yahil |first= Leni |year= 1991 |title= The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Zuccotti |first= Susan |year= 1999 |title= The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews |location= Lincoln, NE |publisher= [[University of Nebraska Press]] |ref= harv }}
{{refend}}
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