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* {{cite book |last = Holt |first = P. M. |coauthors = [[Bernard Lewis]] |title = Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 |year = 1977 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0521291364}}
* {{cite book |last = Lapidus|first = Ira |title = A History of Islamic Societies |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 978-0521779333}}
* {{cite book |last = Madelung |first = Wilferd |authorlink = Wilferd Madelung |title = The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1997 |isbn = 0521646960}}
* {{cite book |last = Tabatabae |first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |coauthors = [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (translator) |authorlink = Allameh Tabatabaei |title = Shi'ite Islam |publisher = Suny press|year = 1979 |isbn = 0-87395-272-3}}
