Sejarah Bumi: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
BeeyanBot (bicara | kontrib)
k ejaan, replaced: diakhir → di akhir, ditempat → di tempat
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib)
k minor cosmetic change
Baris 277:
<ref name=Matson>{{cite web|last=Matson|first=John|title=Luminary Lineage: Did an Ancient Supernova Trigger the Solar System's Birth?|work=Scientific American|date=July 7, 2010|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=solar-system-trigger-sn |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name=Matson>{{cite web|last=Matson|first=John|title=Luminary Lineage: Did an Ancient Supernova Trigger the Solar System's Birth?|work=Scientific American|date=July 7, 2010|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=solar-system-trigger-sn |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name="age_earth1c">{{cite web| last=Newman | first=William L. | date=2007-07-09 | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | title=Age of the Earth | publisher=Publications Services, USGS | accessdate=2007-09-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=age_of_earth_faq>{{cite web | last=Stassen | first=Chris | date=2005-09-10 | url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html | title=The Age of the Earth | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | accessdate=2008-12-30 }}</ref>
<ref name="USGS1997">{{cite web | year=1997 | title=Age of the Earth | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | publisher=U.S. Geological Survey | accessdate=2006-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="age_earth4">{{cite web | last=Stassen | first=Chris | date=2005-09-10 | url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html | accessdate=2007-09-20 | title=The Age of the Earth | publisher=The TalkOrigins Archive}}</ref>
<ref name="Yin">{{cite journal | last=Yin | first=Qingzhu | coauthors=Jacobsen, S. B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. | title=A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=418 | issue=6901 | pages=949–952 | doi=10.1038/nature00995 | pmid=12198540 | bibcode=2002Natur.418..949Y | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Kokubo2002>{{cite journal |last=Kokubo|first=Eiichiro|coauthors=Ida, Shigeru |title=Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=581 |issue=1|pages=666–680 |year=2002 | doi=10.1086/344105 |bibcode=2002ApJ...581..666K |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="nature1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/Wilde_et_al.PDF |author=Wilde, S. A.; Valley, J.W.; Peck, W.H. and Graham, C.M.|year=2001 |title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago|journal=Nature |volume=409 |pages=175–178 |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-05-25|bibcode = 2001Natur.409..175W }}</ref>
<ref name=Lindsey>{{cite web|last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |coauthors=David Morrison, Robert Simmon |title=Ancient crystals suggest earlier ocean|work=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |date=March 1, 2006 |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Zircon/ |accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=Cavosie>{{Cite journal | last = Cavosie | first = A. J. | coauthors = J. W. Valley, S. A., Wilde, and E.I.M.F. | year=2005 | title = Magmatic δ<sup>18</sup>O in 4400-3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 235 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 663–681 | doi = 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X05002773 | ref = harv|bibcode = 2005E&PSL.235..663C }}</ref>
<ref name="belbruno">{{cite journal | first=E. | last=Belbruno | year=2005 | coauthors=J. Richard Gott III | title=Where Did The Moon Come From? | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=129 | issue=3 | pages=1724–1745 | id=| doi=10.1086/427539 | arxiv=astro-ph/0405372 | bibcode=2005AJ....129.1724B | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Carsten">{{cite journal | first = Carsten | last = Münker | coauthors = Jörg A. Pfänder, Stefan Weyer, Anette Büchl, Thorsten Kleine, Klaus Mezger | date = July 4, 2003 | title = Evolution of Planetary Cores and the Earth-Moon System from Nb/Ta Systematics | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 301 | issue = 5629 | pages = 84–87 | doi = 10.1126/science.1084662 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5629/84.abstract | pmid = 12843390 |bibcode = 2003Sci...301...84M |accessdate=2012-04-13 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name=moonwalk>{{Cite journal |last=Nield |first=Ted | url = http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/webdav/site/GSL/shared/pdfs/Geoscientist/Download%20PDF%20copy%20of%20Geoscientist%2019.9%20September%202009.pdf | title = Moonwalk | journal=Geoscientist | volume=18 | year=2009 | page=8 | publisher = Geological Society of London | accessdate = April 18, 2012 | issue=9 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="space.com-bombardment">{{cite web | last = Britt | first = Robert Roy | date = 2002-07-24 | url = http://www.space.com/2299-insight-earths-early-bombardment.html | title = New Insight into Earth’s Early Bombardment | publisher = [[Space.com]] | accessdate = 2012-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name=Green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Jack|title=Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|year=2011|volume=12|issue=9|pages=6051–6076|doi=10.3390/ijms12096051|pmid=22016644|pmc=3189768|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Taylor-2006>{{Cite book | last = Taylor | first = Thomas N. | coauthors = Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings | title = Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2006 | page = 49 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=_29tNNeQKeMC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=Warrawoona+belt+fossils#v=onepage&q=Warrawoona%20belt%20fossils&f=false |isbn =9780123739728}}</ref>
<ref name=reuters1>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/20/us-asteroids-idUSTRE54J5PX20090520?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Study turns back clock on origins of life on Earth|last=Steenhuysen|first=Julie|date=May 21, 2009|work=Reuters.com|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=May 21, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Dawkins-Ancestors">{{harvnb|Dawkins|2004}}</ref>
<ref name="goren-inbar">{{cite journal | last = Goren-Inbar | first = Naama | coauthors = Nira Alperson, Mordechai E. Kislev, Orit Simchoni, Yoel Melamed, Adi Ben-Nun, & Ella Werker | date = 2004-04-30 | title = Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 304 | issue = 5671 | pages = 725–727 | doi = 10.1126/science.1095443 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5671/725.abstract | accessdate = 2012-04-13 | pmid = 15118160|bibcode = 2004Sci...304..725G | ref = harv }} (abstract)</ref>
<ref name="McClellan">{{Cite book | author=McClellan | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aJgp94zNwNQC&printsec=frontcover#PPA11 | title=Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction | location=Baltimore, Maryland | publisher=JHU Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-8018-8360-1}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=aJgp94zNwNQC&printsec=frontcover#PPA8 Page 8-12 ]</ref>
<ref name="McNeill">{{harvnb|McNeill|1999}}</ref>
<ref name="gibbons">{{cite journal | last = Gibbons | first = Ann | year = 2003 | title = Oldest Members of ''Homo sapiens'' Discovered in Africa | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 300 | issue = 5626 | page = 1641 | doi = 10.1126/science.300.5626.1641 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1641.summary | accessdate = 2012-04-13 | pmid = 12805512 | ref = harv}} (abstract)</ref>
<ref name="Chauvet">{{cite web | url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm | title = Chauvet Cave | publisher = [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] | accessdate = 2006-04-11}}</ref>
<ref name="oxford-atlas">{{Cite book | editor = Patrick K. O’Brien | title = Atlas of World History | origyear = 2002 | edition = concise | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-19-521921-X | page = 16 | chapter = The Human Revolution}}</ref>
<ref name="Fortey">{{Cite book | last = Fortey | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Fortey | title = Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth | origyear = 1997 | year = 1999 | month = September | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | isbn = 0-375-70261-X | pages = 138–140, 300 | chapter = Landwards, Humanity}}</ref>
<ref name="hopfe">{{Cite book | last = Hopfe | first = Lewis M. | title = Religions of the World | origyear = 1976 | edition = 4th | isbn = 0-02-356930-1 | year = 1987 | publisher = MacMillan Publishing Company | location = New York | chapter = Characteristics of Basic Religions | pages = 17, 17–19}}</ref>
<ref name="Kleine">{{cite journal | last1 = Kleine | first1 = T. | last2 = Palme | first2 = H. | last3 = Mezger | first3 = K. | last4 = Halliday | first4 = A.N. | year = 2005 | title = Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon | url = | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 310 | issue = 5754| pages = 1671–1674 |bibcode = 2005Sci...310.1671K |doi = 10.1126/science.1118842 | pmid=16308422}}</ref>
<ref name=halliday-2008>{{cite journal | title=A young Moon-forming giant impact at 70–110&nbsp;million years accompanied by late-stage mixing, core formation and degassing of the Earth | last=Halliday | first=Alex N | publisher=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society | date=November 28, 2008 | url=http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1883/4163.full | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences | doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0209 | volume=366| issue = 1883 | pages=4163–4181 | pmid=18826916 | bibcode=2008RSPTA.366.4163H | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Halliday">{{Cite book|last=Halliday |first=A.N. |year=2006 |title=The Origin of the Earth; What's New? |journal=Elements |volume=2 |pages=205–210 |issue=4}}</ref>
<ref name="earth_fact_sheet">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=David R.|date=2004-09-01|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=Earth Fact Sheet|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref>
<ref name=StarChild>{{cite web |url=http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question38.html |title=StarChild Question of the Month for October 2001 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |author=High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) |accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=Canup>{{cite journal | last1 = Canup | first1 = R.M. | last2 = Asphaug | first2 = E. | year = 2001 | title = Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation | url = | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 412 | issue = 6848| pages = 708–712 |bibcode = 2001Natur.412..708C | doi = 10.1038/35089010 | pmid=11507633}}</ref>
<ref name="Liu">{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Lin-Gun|title=Chemical composition of the Earth after the giant impact|journal=Earth, Moon and Planets|year=1992|volume=57|issue=2|pages=85–97|doi=10.1007/BF00119610|bibcode = 1992EM&P...57...85L }}</ref>
<ref name=Newsom>{{Cite journal|last=Newsom|first=Horton E.|last2=Taylor |first2=Stuart Ross |title=Geochemical implications of the formation of the Moon by a single giant impact|journal=Nature|year=1989|volume=338|issue=6210|pages=29–34|doi=10.1038/338029a0|bibcode = 1989Natur.338...29N }}</ref>
<ref name="Taylor">{{cite web | last = Taylor | first = G. Jeffrey | date = April 26, 2004 | url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=446 | title = Origin of the Earth and Moon | publisher = [[NASA]] | accessdate = 2006-03-27}}, Taylor (2006) at the NASA website.</ref>
<ref name=DaviesMantle>{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Geoffrey F.|title=Mantle convection for geologists|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-19800-4}}</ref>
<ref name=Cattermole>{{Cite book|last=Cattermole|first=Peter|title=The story of the earth|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-26292-7|coauthors=Moore, Patrick}}</ref>
<ref name="dawkins-sg">{{Cite book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Dawkins | title = The Selfish Gene | origyear = 1976 | edition = 2nd | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-286092-5 | pages = 189–201 | chapter = Memes: the new replicators}}</ref>
<ref name="Tudge">{{Cite book | last = Tudge | first = Colin | authorlink = Colin Tudge | title = [[Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers|Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began]] | year = 1998 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 0-297-84258-7}}</ref>
<ref name="diamond">{{Cite book | last = Diamond | first = Jared | authorlink = Jared Diamond | title = [[Guns, Germs, and Steel]] | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | isbn = 0-393-31755-2 | year = 1999}}</ref>
<ref name="Expedit">{{cite web | date = January 11, 2006 | url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition13/exp13_overview.html | title = Expedition 13: Science, Assembly Prep on Tap for Crew | publisher = [[NASA]] | accessdate = 2006-03-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Human">{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html | title = Human Spaceflight and Exploration – European Participating States | publisher = [[ESA]] | accessdate = 2006-03-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Lunine">{{harvnb|Lunine|1999}}</ref>
<ref name=Holland-2006>{{cite journal | first=Heinrich D. | last=Holland | title=The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans | publisher=The Royal Society | date=June 2006 | doi= 10.1098/rstb.2006.1838+Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+B+29+June+2006+vol.+361+no.+1470+903-915 | url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/361/1470/903 | accessdate=2010-02-17 | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Kasting93>{{Cite journal|last=Kasting|first=James F.|title=Earth's early atmosphere|journal=Science|year=1993|volume=259|pages=920–926|doi=10.1126/science.11536547|issue=5097|ref=harv|pmid=11536547}}</ref>
<ref name=Gale>{{Cite book|last=Gale|first=Joseph|title=Astrobiology of Earth : the emergence, evolution, and future of life on a planet in turmoil|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-920580-6}}</ref>
<ref name=Kasting-2006>{{cite journal |url=http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/~jfk4/PersonalPage/Pdf/Phl_Trans_B%20(Kasting&Howard)_06.pdf |title=Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth |last=Kasting |first=James F. |coauthors=M. Tazewell Howard |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=361 |issue=361 |pages=1733–1742 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1902 |date=September 7, 2006 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Kasting03>{{Cite journal|last=Kasting|first=James F.|coauthors=Catling, David|title=Evolution of a habitable planet|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=41|issue=1|pages=429–463|year=2003 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049|bibcode = 2003ARA&A..41..429K }}</ref>
<ref name="Sagan">{{cite journal | author=Sagan, Carl; Mullen, George | date=July 7, 1972 | title=Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures | journal=Science | volume=177 | issue=4043 | pages=52–56 | doi=10.1126/science.177.4043.52| pmid=17756316 | bibcode=1972Sci...177...52S | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Luisi>{{cite journal |author=Luisi, P. L., Ferri, F. and Stano, P. |title=Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16292523 |doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0056-z|bibcode = 2006NW.....93....1L }}</ref>
<ref name="Morbidelli">{{Cite journal|last=Morbidelli|first=A.|coauthors=Chambers, J., Lunine, J. I., Petit, J. M., Robert, F., Valsecchi, G. B., Cyr, K. E.|title=Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|year=2000|volume=35|issue=6|pages=1309–1320|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|bibcode = 2000M&PS...35.1309M }}</ref>
<ref name=Szathmary>{{cite journal| author=Szathmáry, E. | month=February | year=2005 | title=In search of the simplest cell| journal=Nature | volume=433 | pages=469–470 | doi=10.1038/433469a| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7025/full/433469a.html | accessdate=2008-09-01| pmid=15690023| issue=7025|bibcode = 2005Natur.433..469S }}</ref>
<ref name=Lazcano>{{cite journal |title=The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry |author=A. Lazcano, J. L. Bada |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=33 |year=2004 |month=June |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1023/A:1024807125069 |pmid=14515862 |issue=3}}</ref>
<ref name=NYTimes>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18conv.html |title=A Conversation With Jeffrey L. Bada: A Marine Chemist Studies How Life Began |publisher=nytimes.com |date=2010-05-17 | first=Claudia | last=Dreifus |authorlink=Claudia Dreifus}}</ref>
<ref name="Space-20120329">{{cite web |last=Moskowitz|first=Clara |title=Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun|url=http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html|date=29 March 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=30 March 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal |author=Peretó, J. |title=Controversies on the origin of life |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Int. Microbiol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2005 |pmid=15906258 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref>
Baris 335:
<ref name=Leslie>{{Cite journal|last=Leslie|first=M.|title=On the Origin of Photosynthesis|journal=Science|year=2009|volume=323|issue=5919|pages=1286–1287|doi=10.1126/science.323.5919.1286|pmid=19264999}}</ref>
<ref name=Nisbet>{{Cite journal|last=Nisbet|first=E. G.|coauthors=Sleep, N. H.|title=The habitat and nature of early life|journal=Nature|year=2001|volume=409|issue=6823|pages=1083–1091|doi=10.1038/35059210|pmid=11234022}}</ref>
<ref name="De-Marais-photosynthesis">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.289.5485.1703 | last = De Marais | first = David J. | date = September 8, 2000 | title = Evolution: When Did Photosynthesis Emerge on Earth? | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 289 | issue = 5485 | pages = 1703–1705 | pmid = 11001737 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/289/5485/1703.summary | author2 = D | ref = harv }}</ref>
<ref name=Olson-2006>{{cite journal |title=Photosynthesis in the Archean Era|journal=Photosynthesis Research |date=February 2, 2006 |first=John M. |pages=109–17 |last=Olson |volume=88 |issue= 2 / May, 2006 |doi=10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/ |accessdate=2010-02-16|pmid=16453059 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Joyce>{{cite journal |author=Joyce, G.F. |title=The antiquity of RNA-based evolution |journal=Nature |volume=418 |issue=6894 |pages=214–21 |year=2002 |pmid=12110897 |doi=10.1038/418214a|bibcode = 2002Natur.418..214J }}</ref>
<ref name="Hoenigsberg">{{cite journal| author=Hoenigsberg, H. | date=December 2003| title=Evolution without speciation but with selection: LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor in Gilbert's RNA world| journal=Genetic and Molecular Research | volume=2 | issue=4 | pages=366–375 | pmid=15011140| url=http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2003/vol4-2/gmr0070_full_text.htm | accessdate=2008-08-30}}(also available as [http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2003/vol4-2//pdf/gmr0070.pdf PDF])</ref>
<ref name=Forterre>{{Cite journal|last=Forterre|first=Patrick|title=The two ages of the RNA world, and the transition to the DNA world: a story of viruses and cells|journal=Biochimie|year=2005|volume=87|issue=9–10|pages=793–803|doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2005.03.015|pmid=16164990}}</ref>
<ref name=Cech>{{cite journal| author=Cech, T.R. | title=The ribosome is a ribozyme| journal=Science | month=August | year=2000 |volume=289 | issue=5481 | pages=878–9 | pmid=10960319| doi=10.1126/science.289.5481.878| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/289/5481/878 | accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal| author=Johnston | year=2001 | month= | title=RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension| journal=Science | volume=292 | issue=5520 | pages=1319–1325 | doi=10.1126/science.1060786| pmid=11358999|bibcode = 2001Sci...292.1319J| author-separator=,| author2=W. K.| display-authors=2| last3=Lawrence| first3=MS| last4=Glasner| first4=ME| last5=Bartel| first5=DP }}</ref>
<ref name="Levy">{{cite journal |author=Levy, M. and Miller, S.L. |title=The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=95 |issue=14 |pages=7933–8 |year=1998 |month=July |pmid=9653118 |pmc=20907 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9653118|bibcode = 1998PNAS...95.7933L }}</ref>
<ref name=Larralde>{{cite journal |author=Larralde, R., Robertson, M. P. and Miller, S. L. |title=Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue=18 |pages=8158–60 |year=1995 |month=August |pmid=7667262 |pmc=41115 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7667262 |doi=10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158|bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.8158L }}</ref>
Baris 347:
<ref name=Orgel>{{cite journal |author=Orgel, L. |title=A simpler nucleic acid |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5495 |pages=1306–7 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11185405 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5495.1306}}</ref>
<ref name=Nelson>{{cite journal |author=Nelson, K.E., Levy, M., and Miller, S.L. |title=Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=3868–71 |year=2000 |month=April |pmid=10760258 |pmc=18108 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10760258 |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868|bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.3868N }}</ref>
<ref name="Dawkins-Watchmaker">{{Cite book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Dawkins | title = [[The Blind Watchmaker]] | origyear = 1986 | year = 1996 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | isbn = 0-393-31570-3 | chapter = Origins and miracles}}</ref>
<ref name="Davies">{{cite journal | last = Davies | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Davies | date = October 6, 2005 | title = A quantum recipe for life | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 437 | issue = 7060 | page = 819 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7060/full/437819a.html | doi = 10.1038/437819a | pmid=16208350|bibcode = 2005Natur.437..819D | ref = harv }} (subscription required).</ref>
<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal| author=Martin, W. and Russell, M.J. | year=2003| title=On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells| journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological | volume=358 | pages=59–85| pmid=12594918 |pmc=1693102| doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1183| issue=1429}}</ref>
<ref name=Kauffman>{{Cite book|last=Kauffman|first=Stuart A.|title=The origins of order : self-organization and selection in evolution|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-507951-7|edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name=Wachtershauser>{{cite journal |author=Wächtershäuser, G. |title=Life as we don't know it |journal=Science |volume=289 |issue=5483 |pages=1307–8 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10979855 |doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1307}}</ref>
<ref name=Vasas>{{Cite journal|last=Vasas|first=V.|coauthors=Szathmáry, E., Santos, M.|title=Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=4 January 2010|volume=107|issue=4|pages=1470–1475|doi=10.1073/pnas.0912628107|bibcode = 2010PNAS..107.1470V }}</ref>
<ref name="ForteyDtL">{{Cite book | last = Fortey | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Fortey | title = Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth | origyear = 1997 | year = 1999 | month = September | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | isbn = 0-375-70261-X | chapter = Dust to Life}}</ref>
<ref name="cosmic-evolution-bio1">{{cite web | last = Chaisson | first = Eric J. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.webcitation.org/5QVjq8hvM | title = Early Cells | work = Cosmic Evolution | publisher = [[Tufts University]] | accessdate = 2006-03-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Snowball>{{cite web|title=Snowball Earth |publisher=snowballearth.org |year=2006–2009 |url=http://www.snowballearth.org/index.html |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name=SnowballCause>{{cite web|title=What caused the snowball earths? |publisher=snowballearth.org |year=2006–2009 |url=http://www.snowballearth.org/cause.html |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name=Trevors01>{{cite journal |author=Trevors, J.T. and Psenner, R. |title=From self-assembly of life to present-day bacteria: a possible role for nanocells |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Rev. |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=573–82 |year=2001 |pmid=11742692 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00592.x}}</ref>
<ref name=Segre>{{cite journal| author=Segré, D., Ben-Eli, D., Deamer, D. and Lancet, D.| title=The Lipid World | date=February–April 2001| journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 2001 | volume=31 | issue=1–2 | pages=119–45| pmid=11296516 | url=http://ool.weizmann.ac.il/Segre_Lipid_World.pdf | accessdate=2008-09-01|format=PDF| doi=10.1023/A:1006746807104}}</ref>
<ref name=Cairns-Smith>{{Cite book| author=Cairns-Smith, A.G. | contribution=An approach to a blueprint for a primitive organism| editor=Waddington, C,H. | title=Towards a Theoretical Biology | volume=1 | pages=57–66 | year=1968| publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref>
<ref name=Ferris>{{cite journal| author=Ferris, J.P. | title=Prebiotic Synthesis on Minerals: Bridging the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds| journal=Biological Bulletin | volume=196| issue=3 | series=Evolution: A Molecular Point of View| month=June | year=1999| doi=10.2307/1542957| pages=311–314| pmid=10390828| publisher=Biological Bulletin, Vol. 196, No. 3 | jstor=1542957}}</ref>
<ref name=Hanczyc>{{cite journal| author=Hanczyc, M.M., Fujikawa, S.M. and Szostak, Jack W.| title=Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division| journal=Science | month=October | year=2003 | volume=302 | issue=5645| pages=618–622| doi=10.1126/science.1089904| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/5645/618 | accessdate=2008-09-01| pmid=14576428|bibcode = 2003Sci...302..618H }}</ref>
<ref name=Hartman>{{cite journal| author=Hartman, H. | month=October | year=1998 | title=Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life| journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres | volume=28 | issue=4–6 | pages=512–521| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/t1n325268n01217k/ | accessdate=2008-09-01| bibcode=1998OLEB...28..515H| doi=10.1023/A:1006548904157}}</ref>
<ref name="Penny-LUCA">{{cite journal | last = Penny | first = David | coauthors = Anthony Poole | year = 1999 | month = December | title = The nature of the last universal common ancestor | journal = Current Opinions in Genetics and Development | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–677 | pmid = 10607605 | url = http://www.webcitation.org/5noJHaUza | doi = 10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00020-9 |format=PDF | ref = harv}} (PDF)</ref>
<ref name="Munster">{{cite web | year = 2003 | url = http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite1.html | title = Earliest Life | publisher = [[University of Münster]] | accessdate = 2006-03-28}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-permian-triassic">{{cite web | year = 2002 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/dayearthdied.shtml | title = The Day the Earth Nearly Died | work = Horizon | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2006-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-antarctic-crater">{{Cite news | date = 3 June 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5045024.stm | title = Big crater seen beneath ice sheet | newspaper = BBC News | accessdate =April 18, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-triassic">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/triassic.htm | title = The Mass Extinctions: The Late Triassic Extinction | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2006-04-09|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060813230832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/triassic.htm |archivedate = 2006-08-13}}</ref>
<ref name="archaeopteryx">{{cite web | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html | title = ''Archaeopteryx'': An Early Bird | publisher = [[University of California, Berkeley]] Museum of Paleontology | accessdate = 2006-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="tol-angiosperms">{{cite web | last = Soltis | first = Pam | coauthors = Doug Soltis, & Christine Edwards | year = 2005 | url = http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Angiosperms&contgroup=Spermatopsida | title = Angiosperms | work = [http://tolweb.org The Tree of Life Project] | accessdate = 2006-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="cosmic-evolution-bio4">{{cite web | last = Chaisson | first = Eric J. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.webcitation.org/5QVjvWEnU | title = Recent Fossils | work = Cosmic Evolution | publisher = [[Tufts University]] | accessdate = 2006-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="SciAm-eukaryote">{{cite journal | last = Woese | first = Carl | authorlink = Carl Woese | coauthors = J. Peter Gogarten | date = October 21, 1999 | title = When did eukaryotic cells evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms? | journal = [[Scientific American]] | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=when-did-eukaryotic-cells |accessdate = 2012-04-13 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Andersson">{{cite journal | last = Andersson | first = Siv G. E. | coauthors = Alireza Zomorodipour, Jan O. Andersson, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, U. Cecilia M. Alsmark, Raf M. Podowski, A. Kristina Näslund, Ann-Sofie Eriksson, Herbert H. Winkler, & Charles G. Kurland | date = November 12, 1998 | title = The genome sequence of ''Rickettsia prowazekii'' and the origin of mitochondria | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 396 | issue = 6707 | pages = 133–140 | pmid = 9823893 | url = http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v396/n6707/full/396133a0_fs.html| doi = 10.1038/24094|bibcode = 1998Natur.396..133A | ref = harv }}</ref>
<ref name=BerkeleyEvolution>{{cite web|title=From prokaryotes to eukaryotes |url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/endosymbiosis_03 |work=Understanding evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Bergland">{{cite journal | last = Berglsand | first = Kristin J. | coauthors = Robert Haselkorn | year = 1991 | month = June | title = Evolutionary Relationships among the Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Chloroplasts: Evidence from the ''rpoC1'' Gene of ''Anabaena'' sp. Strain PCC 7120 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 173 | issue = 11 | pages = 3446–3455 | pmid = 1904436 | pmc = 207958 | ref = harv}} (PDF)</ref>
<ref name="takemura">{{cite journal | last = Takemura | first = Masaharu | year = 2001 | month = May | title = Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 419–425 | pmid = 11443345 | doi = 10.1007/s002390010171 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="bell">{{cite journal | last = Bell | first = Philip J | year = 2001 | month = September | title = Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus? | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–256 | pmid = 11523012 | doi = 10.1007/s002390010215 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="peroxisome">{{cite journal | last = Gabaldón | first = Toni | coauthors = Berend Snel, Frank van Zimmeren, Wieger Hemrika, Henk Tabak, and Martijn A. Huynen | date = March 23, 2006 | title = Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome | journal = Biology Direct | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | page = 8 | url = http://www.biology-direct.com/content/pdf/1745-6150-1-8.pdf | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-1-8 | format=PDF | pmc = 1472686| pmid=16556314 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="hanson-rodinia">{{cite journal | last = Hanson | first = Richard E. | date = May 21, 2004 | title = Coeval Large-Scale Magmatism in the Kalahari and Laurentian Cratons During Rodinia Assembly | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 304 | issue = 5674 | pages = 1126–1129 | doi = 10.1126/science.1096329 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5674/1126.abstract | pmid = 15105458|bibcode = 2004Sci...304.1126H | author-separator = , | author2 = James L. Crowley | author3 = Samuel A. Bowring | author4 = Jahandar Ramezani | author5 = Wulf A. Gose | display-authors = 4 | last6 = Dalziel | first6 = IW | last7 = Pancake | first7 = JA | last8 = Seidel | first8 = EK | last9 = Blenkinsop | first9 = TG |accessdate=2012-04-13 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name=li-rodinia>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Z.X.|coauthors=Bogdanova, S.V., Collins, A.S., Davidson, A., De Waele, B., Ernst, R.E., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Fuck, R.A., Gladkochub, D.P., Jacobs, J., Karlstrom, K.E., Lu, S., Natapov, L.M., Pease, V., Pisarevsky, S.A., Thrane, K., Vernikovsky, V.|title=Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis|journal=Precambrian Research|year=2008|volume=160|issue=1–2|pages=179–210|doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Cosmic-evolution-bio2">{{cite web | last = Chaisson | first = Eric J. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.webcitation.org/5QVjskzwy | title = Ancient Fossils | work = Cosmic Evolution | publisher = [[Tufts University]] | accessdate = 2006-03-31}}</ref>
<ref name=Kearey>{{Cite book|last=Kearey|first=Philip|coauthors= Keith A. Klepeis, Frederick J. Vine |title=Global tectonics.|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=9781405107778|edition=3rd}}</ref>
<ref name=Torsvik2003>{{Cite journal|last=Torsvik|first=T. H.|title=The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle|journal=Science|date=30 May 2003|volume=300|issue=5624|pages=1379–1381|doi=10.1126/science.1083469|pmid=12775828|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=McElhinny>{{Cite book|last=McElhinny|first=Michael W.|coauthors=Phillip L. McFadden |title=Paleomagnetism continents and oceans|year=2000|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn=9780124833555|edition=2nd}}</ref>
<ref name="Dalziel">{{Cite journal|last=Dalziel |first=I.W.D. |year=1995 |title=Earth before Pangea |journal=Scientific American |volume=1 |pages=58–63|bibcode=1995SciAm.272a..58D|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0195-58}}</ref>
<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite journal | last1 = Hoffman | first1 = P.F. | last2 = Kaufman | first2 = A.J. | last3 = Halverson | first3 = G.P. | last4 = Schrag | first4 = D.P. | year = 1998 | title = A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth | url = | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 281 | issue = 5381| pages = 1342–1346 | doi=10.1126/science.281.5381.1342|bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1342H | pmid=9721097}}</ref>
<ref name="Xiao">{{cite journal | last1 = Xiao | first1 = S. | last2 = Laflamme | first2 = M. | year = 2009 | title = On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota | url = | journal = Trends in Ecology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 1| pages = 31–40 | doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015 | pmid = 18952316 }}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-new blood">{{cite episode | author = Wright, Jo | title = New Blood | episodelink = Walking with Dinosaurs#"New Blood"|number=1 | series = Walking with Dinosaurs | serieslink = Walking with Dinosaurs | airdate = 1999 | writers = BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/dinosaurs/chronology/220mya1.shtml}}</ref>
<ref name=Runkel>{{Cite journal|last=Runkel|first=Anthony C.|coauthors=Mackey, Tyler J., Cowan, Clinton A., Fox, David L.|title=Tropical shoreline ice in the late Cambrian: Implications for Earth's climate between the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event|journal=GSA Today|date=1 November 2010|pages=4–10|doi=10.1130/GSATG84A.1|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Palmer>{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Allison R.|title=The biomere problem: Evolution of an idea|journal=Journal of Paleontology|year=1984|volume=58|issue=3|pages=599–611|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Hallam>{{Cite book|last=Hallam|first=A.|title=Mass extinctions and their aftermath|year=1997|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-854916-1|edition=Repr.|coauthors=Wignall, P.B.}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-ordovician">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/ordovician.htm | title = The Mass Extinctions: The Late Ordovician Extinction | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2006-05-22|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060221134019/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/ordovician.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-02-21}}</ref>
<ref name=Condie>{{Cite book|last=Condie|first=Kent C.|title=Plate tectonics and crustal evolution|year=1997|publisher=Butterworth Heinemann|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7506-3386-4|edition=4th}}</ref>
<ref name="pisani">{{cite journal | last = Pisani | first = Davide | coauthors = Laura L. Poling, Maureen Lyons-Weiler, & S. Blair Hedges | date = January 19, 2004 | title = The colonization of land by animals: molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 2 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-2-1 | page = 1 | pmid = 14731304 | pmc = 333434 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="landing">{{cite journal | last = Landing | first = E. | coauthors = S. A. Bowring, K. L. Davidek, [[Richard Fortey|R. A. Fortey]], & W. A. P. Wimbledon | year = 2000 | title = Cambrian–Ordovician boundary age and duration of the lowest Ordovician Tremadoc Series based on U–Pb zircon dates from Avalonian Wales | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 137 | issue = 5 | pages = 485–494 | doi = 10.1017/S0016756800004507 | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=60617}} (abstract)</ref><ref name="liebermean">{{cite journal | last = Lieberman | first = Bruce S. | year = 2003 | title = Taking the Pulse of the Cambrian Radiation | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 229–237 | doi = 10.1093/icb/43.1.229 | url = http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/1/229.full | pmid=21680426 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-cambrian">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/cambrian.htm | title = The Mass Extinctions: The Late Cambrian Extinction | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2006-04-09|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20000407093743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/cambrian.htm|archivedate=2000-04-07}}</ref>
<ref name="heckman">{{cite journal | last = Heckman | first = D. S. | coauthors = D. M. Geiser, B. R. Eidell, R. L. Stauffer, N. L. Kardos, & S. B. Hedges | date= August 10, 2001 | title = Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 293 | issue = 5532 | pages = 1129–1133 | pmid = 11498589 | doi = 10.1126/science.1061457 | ref = harv}} (abstract)</ref>
<ref name="johnson">{{cite journal | last = Johnson | first = E. W. | coauthors = D. E. G. Briggs, R. J. Suthren, J. L. Wright, & S. P. Tunnicliff | date=1 May 1994 | title = Non-marine arthropod traces from the subaereal Ordivician Borrowdale volcanic group, English Lake District | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 395–406 | url = http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/131/3/395.short | doi = 10.1017/S0016756800011146 | accessdate=2012-04-13 | ref = harv }} (abstract)</ref>
<ref name="macnaughton">{{cite journal | last = MacNaughton | first = Robert B. | coauthors = Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E. G. Briggs, & Terrence D. Lukie | year = 2002 | title = First steps on land: Arthropod trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician eolian sandstone, southeastern Ontario, Canada | journal = Geology | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 391–394 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0391:FSOLAT>2.0.CO;2 | url = http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/5/391.abstract | issn = 0091-7613 | bibcode=2002Geo....30..391M | ref = harv}} (abstract)</ref>
<ref name="clack-sa">{{cite journal | last = Clack | first = Jennifer A. | year = 2005 | month = December | title = Getting a Leg Up on Land | journal = [[Scientific American]] | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=getting-a-leg-up-on-land&sc=I100322 |accessdate=2012-04-13 | ref = harv | bibcode = 2005SciAm.293f.100C | volume = 293 | page = 100 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100 | issue = 6}}</ref>
<ref name="waikato">{{cite web | url = http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/plantEvolution.shtml | title = Plant Evolution | work= Evolution for teaching | publisher = [[University of Waikato]] |date = October 2004 | accessdate = April 18, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="willis">{{Cite book | last = Willis | first = K. J. | coauthors = J. C. McElwain | title = The Evolution of Plants | year = 2002 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-850065-3 | page = 93}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc-cambrian">{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/cambrian.htm | title = The Mass Extinctions: The Late Cambrian Extinction | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2006-04-09|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20000407093743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/cambrian.htm|archivedate=2000-04-07}}</ref>
}}
 
Baris 408:
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book
| first=G. B. | last=Dalrymple | authorlink=Brent Dalrymple |year=1991
| title=The Age of the Earth | publisher=Stanford University Press | location=California
| isbn=0-8047-1569-6 }}
* {{Cite journal
| last=Dalrymple | first=G. Brent | title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved
Baris 419:
| doi = 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
| ref=harv |bibcode = 2001GSLSP.190..205D }}
* {{Cite book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Dawkins | title =[[The Ancestor's Tale]]: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life | year = 2004 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | location = Boston | isbn = 0-618-00583-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-first=F. M. |editor1-last=Gradstein |editor2-first=James George |editor2-last=Ogg |editor3-first=Alan Gilbert |editor3-last=Smith |title=A Geological Time Scale 2004|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|others=Reprinted with corrections 2006|ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |first1=Felix M. |last1=Gradstein |first2 = James G. |last2=Ogg |first3=Martin |last3=van Kranendonk |title=On the Geological Time Scale 2008 |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/nysgs/resources/images/geologicaltimescale.pdf |format=PDF |year=2008 |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |accessdate=20 April 2012 |docket=Fig. 2|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Levin |first=H. L. |year=1987 |title=The Earth through time |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |edition=3rd |isbn=0-03-008912-3|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lunine |first=J. I. |year=1999 |title=Earth: evolution of a habitable world |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=United Kingdom |isbn=0-521-64423-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = McNeill | first = Willam H. | authorlink = William Hardy McNeill | title = A World History | origyear = 1967 | edition = 4th | year = 1999 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-19-511615-1 |ref=harv}}
* Melosh, H. J.; Vickery, A. M. & Tonks, W. B. (1993). ''Impacts and the early environment and evolution of the terrestrial planets'', in Levy, H.J. & Lunine, J.I. (eds.): ''Protostars and Planets III'', [[University of Arizona]] Press, [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], pp.&nbsp;1339–1370.
* {{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Steven M.|title=Earth system history|year=2005|publisher=Freeman|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7167-3907-4|edition=2nd|ref=harv}}