Kekristenan di Jepang: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
JThorneBOT (bicara | kontrib) →Referensi: clean up, removed: {{Link GA|ja}} |
JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) Tambahan |
||
Baris 1:
[[Berkas:Japan-location-cia.gif|thumbnail|200px|Lokasi [[Jepang]]]]
'''Kekristenan di Jepang''' masuk melalui jalur perdagangan pada abad ke-19.<ref name="Sejarah">{{id}} Anne Ruck.1997.''Sejarah Gereja di Asia''.Jakarta:PT BPK Gunung Mulia. hlm 156-174.</ref> Orang [[Jepang]] tertarik dengan pengetahuan dan [[teknologi]] dari Barat, sehingga semakin terbuka bagi masuknya [[kekristenan]].<ref name="Sejarah"/> Bahkan, pemerintah Jepang sendiri mengangkat orang-orang [[Kristen]] sebagai pengajar di perguruan-perguruan tinggi yang ada.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Keterbukaan Jepang di saat ini memberikan ruang bagi jemaat Kristen yang pernah diinjili sekitar abad ke-16, namun mengalami tekanan dari negara sehingga terpaksa bersembunyi.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Bahkan, [[Nikolai]], seorang [[pendeta]] konsul dari [[Rusia]] berhasil membangun [[Gereja Ortodoks Rusia]] di Jepang.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Sementara itu, [[Gereja Protestan]] berhasil di antara golongan [[samurai]] karena mereka tertarik pada prinsip pemuridan dan pengabdian yang ditawarkan oleh Protestanisme.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Selain itu, masa kebangunan rohani yang berlangsung sekitar tahun [[1880]] turut membantu perkembangan gereja dengan cepat.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Salah satu pergumulan utama jemaat Kristen di Jepang adalah nasionalisme Jepang yang sangat terkait dengan agama [[Shinto]], membuat mereka mengalami kesulitan untuk menemukan kesetiaan pada negara sekaligus pada agama Kristen itu sendiri.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Selain itu, pecahnya [[Perang Dunia II]] menyebabkan konflik kesetiaan antara jemaat Kristen dengan negaranya menjadi semakin parah.<ref name="Sejarah"/> Terlepas dari hal-hal tersebut, ada beberapa tokoh kristen yang memiliki peranan bagi Jepang, seperti [[Toyohiko Kagawa]].<ref>{{id}} F.D. Wellem.1993.''Riwayat Hidup Singkat Tokoh-tokoh Dalam Gereja''.Jakarta:PT Bpk Gunung Mulia.</ref>
== Etimologi ==
Akar kata Jepang untuk {{Nihongo|Kekristenan|キリスト教|Kirisuto-kyō}} berasal dari transkripsi [[katakana]] untuk kata {{Nihongo|Cristo|キリスト|kirisuto}}, yaitu kata [[bahasa Portugis]] untuk "[[Kristus]]", ditambah kata [[:en:Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Tionghoa-Jepang]] untuk {{Nihongo|doktrin|教|kyō|suatu ajaran atau prinsip hidup, dari [[bahasa Mandarin]] ''kæ̀w'' 教}}.<ref>{{cite book| title = Kodansha's ''furigana'' Japanese Dictionary| publisher = Kodansha Inc.| location = Japan| year = 1999}}</ref>
==Budaya Kristen==
[[Image:Oura Church.jpg|thumb|Ōura Church, Nagasaki]]
Jepang merupakan salah satu negara paling sekuler di dunia menurut [[World Values Survey]]. Meskipun ada sekitar 3 juta orang Kristen di Jepang,<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90138.htm US State Department 2007 Religious Freedom Report]. State.gov (2007-09-14). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref> kekristenan menyebar di antara banyak afiliasi denominasi. 70% of gereja Jepang mempunyai rata-rata pengunjung kurang dari 30 orang, meskipun jumlah anggota seringkali dua kali lipat angka ini.<ref>[http://www.omf.org/omf/japan/about_japan/country OMF International – Japan, the Land of Contrasts]. Omf.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>
<!--
Demographically, the number of actively practicing Christians in Japan has never been large. However, the contributions of individual Christians, both foreign-born and Japanese, working in varied fields such as education, medicine and social advocacy, have been significant in the development of the modern nation state.{{fact|date=April 2015}}
===Hari raya Kristen===
The celebration of selected Christian holidays has gained popularity in Japan since the [[Second World War]] – primarily as commercial events, but with also an emphasis on sharing time with loved ones, either significant others or close family.
Except in Japan's minority Christian communities, [[Easter]] is not typically marked by any special form of celebration.
[[Christmas worldwide#Japan|Christmas in Japan]] is celebrated on a much larger scale as a commercial and secular festival, but again is not an official public holiday. [[Christmas lights (holiday decoration)|Christmas lights]],<ref name=AboutJapan>Shizuko Mishima, About.com guide. [http://gojapan.about.com/cs/christmasinjapan/a/chrismasinjapan.htm Christmas in Japan], Japan travel section of About.com. Retrieved 2010-01-27.</ref> Santa Claus, parties, gift exchanges, and eating Western-inspired Christmas foods, especially [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] and [[Shortcake|strawberry shortcake]], are all familiar features of this event. Rather than being a family or religious occasion, Christmas is seen as a time to spend with friends or a significant other. [[Christmas Eve]] is celebrated as a couple's holiday on which romantic gifts are exchanged.
[[Valentine's Day#Asia|Valentine's Day in Japan]] is also celebrated, but the normal Western cultural traditions are often reversed – women give men a gift of chocolate, and on [[White Day]], one month later, the favor is returned. Gifts are not exclusive to romantic relationships; women exchange gifts most frequently between one another and will occasionally give male co-workers chocolate, although this later exchange is often referred to as an obligation gift. It is not as common for couples to go out on dates together; that element seems to be reflected in Christmas Eve instead.
{{Details3|[[Christmas worldwide#Japan|Christmas worldwide, "Japan" section]], and [[Valentine's Day#Asia|Valentine's Day, "Asia" section]]|how these holidays are celebrated in Japan}}
===Kebiasaan Kristen===
<!-- This section has potential to be expanded, covering forms of Christian expression in Japanese culture (e.g. crosses on necklaces, "Hareruya" expression, etc) -->
<!--Christian-style weddings have become prominent as an alternative (or addition) to traditional [[Shinto]] ceremonies. Architecturally resembling churches, [[wedding chapel]]s have sprung up across Japan, with employees dressed as priests officiating.<ref>''Interfax'' (January 31, 2007), [http://interfaxreli.customers.ru/?act=news&div=2540 Christianity is popular in Japan today]</ref> {{Details3|[[Marriage in Japan#Christian-style ceremonies|Marriage in Japan]]}}
[[Urban contemporary gospel|Black gospel music]] has had an enthusiastic reception in Japan. Stylistic elements from this genre are employed in many [[J-pop]] songs.<ref>Ron Rucker, GospelCity.com [http://www.gospelcity.com/news/special-features/38 Gospel Music Explosion – in JAPAN??!!]. Retrieved January 27, 2010.</ref>
==Denominasi utama==
===Gereja Katolik Roma di Jepang===
{{Main|History of Roman Catholicism in Japan|Roman Catholicism in Japan}}
[[File:Giappone - Arcidiocesi di Tokio.png|right|thumb|Map of Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Tokyo]]
Catholicism in Japan exists in communion with the worldwide [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] under the authority of the [[Pope]] in Rome. Presently there are about 509,000 Catholics in 16 dioceses in Japan. The patron saints of Japan are [[Francis Xavier]] and [[Peter Baptist]].<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/JP.htm GCatholic.org – Catholic Church in Japan]. GCatholic.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>
Arriving in Japan in the middle of the 16th century, Catholicism was the very first contact of Christianity in Japan, and the only major source of Christianization in Japan until the fall of the shogunate and the [[Meiji Restoration|Meiji restoration]]. Christianity was proclaimed initially by the [[Society of Jesus]], joined later on by the less cautious [[Franciscan|Franciscan order]]. In 1570 there were 20 Catholic missionaries in Japan.<ref name="NEJM">{{cite web | author= New England Journal of Medicine| year=1970| title=James Curtis Hepburn, M.D., 1815–1911 (Hepburn of Japan)| url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM197012032832307 | accessdate=2010-09-24}}</ref> [[Nagasaki]] became the center of Japanese Catholicism, and maintained close cultural and religious ties to its [[Portugal|Portuguese]] origins. These ties were severed once Christianity was outlawed; at this point, Catholicism went underground, its rites preserved by the ''[[Kakure Kirishitan]]'', or "hidden Christians", who continued practicing their faith in secret private devotion.
A multitude of Japanese Catholics were brutally tortured and killed for their faith, thus becoming [[Christian martyrs|martyrs]]. [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|Many of these martyrs]] have been [[canonization|canonized]], and their [[liturgy|liturgical]] [[memorial (liturgy)|memorial]] is celebrated by each year on [[General Roman Calendar#February (General Calendar)|February 6]] in honor of their fidelity to Christ and his Church unto death.
In 1981, [[Pope John Paul II]] paid a visit to Japan, during which he met with Japanese people, the clergy, and Catholic lay people, held [[Holy Mass]] in the [[Korakuen Stadium]] (Tokyo), and visited the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park|Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima]], the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|Hill of Martyrs]] in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], town of the Immaculate founded by St. [[Maximilian Kolbe]] in Nagasaki, and other places.<ref>''Apostolic Journey to Pakistan, Philippines I, Guam (United States of America II), Japan, Anchorage (United States of America II) (February 16–27, 1981), Vatican Official Site''</ref>
===Protestan di Jepang===
{{Main|Protestantism in Japan}}
There are at present estimated to be 500,000 Protestant Christians in Japan.
Dr. [[James Curtis Hepburn]], [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], [[LL.D.]] (March 13, 1815 – June 11, 1911) was the first [[Presbyterian]] [[missionary]] to Japan, arriving in 1859, the same year as the first ordained representatives of the [[Anglican Communion]], the Rev., later Bishop, [[Channing Moore Williams]], founder of [[Rikkyo University]], Tokyo, and the Rev. [[John Liggins]] of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]].<ref name="bdcconline.net">[http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/hepburn-james-curtis.php James Curtis Hepburn: H: By Person: Stories: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity]. Bdcconline.net (1906-03-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>
Hepburn went to [[Japan]] initially as a medical missionary with the [[American Presbyterian Mission]]<ref name="bdcconline.net"/> opening a clinic in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], near present-day [[Tokyo]]. He later founded the Hepburn School, which developed into [[Meiji Gakuin University]], and wrote a Japanese–English dictionary. In the dictionary's third edition,<ref>{{cite book
|last=Hepburn
|first=James Curtis
|title=A Japanese–English and English–Japanese Dictionary
|url=http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/hep3.html
|accessdate=2009-07-25
|edition=3rd
|year=1886
|publisher=Z. P. Maruya
|location=Tokyo
}}
</ref> published in 1886, Hepburn adopted a new system for [[romanization]] of the Japanese language (''Rōmajikai''). This system is widely known as [[Hepburn romanization]] because Hepburn's dictionary popularized it. Hepburn also contributed to the Protestant translation of the [[Bible]] into Japanese. Hepburn returned to the United States in 1892. On March 14, 1905, Hepburn's 90th birthday, he was awarded the decoration of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], third class. Hepburn was the second foreigner to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Japanese Order for Missionary
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9904E7DE173DE733A25756C1A9659C946497D6CF
|format=PDF
|work=New York Times
|page=13
|date=March 15, 1905
|accessdate=2009-07-25
}}</ref>
[[File:Christiansinikebukuro2012.jpg|thumb|150px|A Christian on a streetcorner in [[Ikebukuro]] with a loudspeaker and a poster warning of the nearness of [[Judgment Day]].]][[Divie Bethune McCartee]] was the first ordained [[Presbyterian]] minister [[Mission (Christian)|mission]]ary to visit Japan, in 1861–1862. His gospel [[Tract (literature)|tract]] translated into [[Japanese language|Japanese]] was among the first Protestant literature in Japan. In 1865 McCartee moved back to Ningbo, [[China]], but others have followed in his footsteps. There was a burst of growth of Christianity in the late 19th century when Japan re-opened its doors to the West. Protestant church growth slowed dramatically in the early 20th century under the influence of the military government during the [[Shōwa period]].
The post-[[World War II]] years have seen increasing activity by evangelicals, initially with American influence, and some growth occurred between 1945 and 1960. The [[Japanese Bible Society]] was established in 1937 with the help of National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS, now called the [[Scottish Bible Society]]), the [[American Bible Society]], the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]].<ref>[http://www.bible.or.jp/e/brief_history.html JBS Brief History]. Bible.or.jp. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>
===Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Japan===
[[File:Nicholai-Do.jpg|150px|thumb|The [[Holy Resurrection Cathedral]].]]
{{Main|Japanese Orthodox Church}}
It is estimated that the Japanese Orthodox Church has some 30,000 adherents today.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Православный храм откроется в еще одном городе Японии|publisher=Interfax Russia|language=Russian|date=2009-12-07}}</ref> The current primate of Japan is [[Daniel Nushiro]], Metropolitan of all Japan and Archbishop of Tokyo, who was elevated to the primacy in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orthodoxjapan.jp/daishukyou.html |title = 東京の大主教、全日本の府主教ダニイル "Daniel, Archbishop of Tokyo and Metropolitan of all Japan" |accessdate = 2007-08-25 |date = 2007-02-01 |publisher = The Orthodox Church in Japan |language = Japanese}}</ref> The primate's [[kathedra|seat]] is the [[Holy Resurrection Cathedral]] in Chiyoda, [[Tokyo]]. Originally founded in 1891, the cathedral has been known as Nikolai-do in honor of its founder [[Nicholas of Japan|Nicholas Kasatkin]], now venerated as St. Nicholas of Japan. The cathedral serves as the [[kathedra|seat]] of the national [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of Japan and continues to be the main center of Orthodox worship in Japan.
[[Eastern Orthodoxy]] was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),<ref name="snow">''Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Nicholas of Japan, Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist web-site, Washington D.C.''</ref> who was sent in 1861 by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] to [[Hakodate]], [[Hokkaidō]] as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orthodoxjapan.jp/daishukyou.html |title = 日本の正教会の歴史と現代 "History of Japanese Orthodox Charch and Now" |accessdate = 2007-08-25 |date = 2007-02-01 |publisher = The Orthodox Church in Japan |language = Japanese}}</ref> St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of the [[New Testament]] and some other religious books ([[Triodion|Lent Triodion]], [[Pentecostarion]], [[Liturgy|Feast Services]], [[Book of Psalms]], [[Irmologion]]) into Japanese.<ref>''Orthodox translation of Gospel into Japanese, Pravostok Orthodox Portal, October 2006''</ref> Nicholas has since been glorified by the [[Patriarch of Moscow]] in 1970, and is now recognized as St. Nicholas, [[Equal-to-the-Apostles]] to Japan. His commemoration day is February 16. [[Andronic Nikolsky]], appointed the first Bishop of [[Kyoto]] and later martyred as the archbishop of [[Perm]] during the Russian Revolution, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint and Martyr in the year 2000.
=== Jehovah's Witnesses in Japan ===
In 2013 the number of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] was 216,472 active [[Jehovah's Witnesses practices#Evangelism|publishers]], united in 3,056 [[Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses#Congregations|congregation]]s; 310 215 people attended annual celebration of [[Lord's Evening Meal]] in 2013.<ref>2014 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 184-185.</ref> Before 1945 they were banned in Japan. Many Jehovah's Witnesses were jailed; one of them, Katsuo Miura, was in the [[Hiroshima]] prison during the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Hiroshima|atomic bombing of Hiroshima]].<ref>Tomiji Hironaka. “I Was Determined to Die for the Emperor”. — [[Awake!]] 1992, Feb. 8.</ref>
===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===
[[File:Fukuoka Japan Temple by tylermhawkins.jpeg|thumb|150px|<center>The [[Fukuoka Japan Temple]] of the LDS Church</center>]]
{{main|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan}}
As of year-end 2009, [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) reported 123,245 members, 29 [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|stakes]], 14 [[District (LDS Church)|districts]], 163 [[Ward (LDS Church)|wards]], 125 [[Ward (LDS Church)#Branch|branches]], 7 [[Mission (LDS Church)|mission]], and 2 [[Temple (LDS Church)|temples]] (with a 3rd under Construction) in Japan.<ref name = "Country">{{cite news
| title = Country information: Japan | author = The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | url = http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/58602/Country-information-Japan.html | newspaper = The Church News | publisher = The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | accessdate = April 6, 2012}}</ref> The LDS Church was established in Japan in [[List of LDS missionary entries by country|1901]]<ref name = "Country"/> when the first [[Missionary (LDS Church)|LDS Church missionaries]] arrived on August 12, 1901. Among them was [[Heber J. Grant]], at the time a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve]], the [[List of presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|7th]] [[President of the Church]].<ref name = "Grant">{{cite book|author=Heber J. Grant|title=[[Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Heber J. Grant]]|chapter = The Life and Ministry of Heber J. Grant| chapterurl =http://www.lds.org/manual/teachings-heber-j-grant/the-life-and-ministry-of-heber-j-grant |year=2002|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}} LDS Church [http://www.lds.org/manual/teachings-heber-j-grant publication number 35970]</ref> The first [[Baptism (Mormonism)|baptism]] was on March 8, 1902 when Grant baptized Hajime Nakazawa, a former [[Kannushi]] ([[Shinto]] priest).
As of March 15, 2011 there were over 630 [[Missionary (LDS Church)|LDS missionaries]] serving in the church's six missions in Japan.<ref>{{cite news | title = LDS Church in Japan: Moving missionaries, making donations | first = Scott | last = Taylor | url = http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700118775/LDS-Church-in-Japan-Moving-missionaries-making-donations.html | newspaper = [[Deseret News]] | publisher = Deseret News Publishing Company | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | accessdate = April 6, 2012}}</ref>
==History==
===Missions to Japan===
{{Main|History of Roman Catholicism in Japan|Kirishitan}}
The first known appearance of organized Christianity in Japan was the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Catholics]] in 1549. [[Francis Xavier]] arrived in Japan with three Japanese Catholic converts intending to start a church in the [[Nagasaki]] area. The local [[Japanese people]] initially assumed that the foreigners were from India and that Christianity was a new "[[Indian religions|Indian faith]]". These mistaken impressions were due to already existing ties between the Portuguese and India; the Indian city of [[Goa]] was a central base for the [[Portuguese East India Company]] at the time, and a significant portion of the crew on board their ships were [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P.|last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=2003|isbn=0-8264-6074-7|page=35}}</ref> Later on, the [[Roman Catholic]] missionary activities were exclusively performed by [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-sponsored [[Jesuits]] and [[Spain|Spanish]]-sponsored [[mendicant]] orders, such as the [[Franciscans]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]. [[Francis Xavier|Francisco Xavier]] (a Catholic Saint),<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Francis Xavier}}</ref> Cosme de Torres (a Jesuit priest), and John Fernandez were the first who arrived in [[Kagoshima]] with hopes to bring Christianity to Japan. Xavier and the Jesuit order was held in good esteem and his efforts seemed to have been rewarded with a thriving community of converts.<ref name=Gonzales/Xavier>Gonzáles, Justo L. (Jan 2004) ''The Story of Christianity'', 3rd edition. Prince Press/Hendrickson Publishers. Volume 1, pages 405–406</ref> At baptism, these converts were given Portuguese "[[Christian name]]s" and encouraged to adopt Western culture. This practice contributed to suspicions that the converts were in reality foreign agents working to subvert social order.<ref group=note>In the source, this claim is made of all of Xavier's converts in general across Asia, including Japanese converts as well</ref><ref name=Gonzales/Xavier /> Under [[Oda Nobunaga]], the Jesuits enjoyed the favor of the [[shogunate]], but the situation began to change once [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s suspicions were aroused against Christianity.
===Persecution under the Shogunate===
{{Main|Martyrs of Japan|Kakure Kirishitan}}
Under Hideyoshi and then under the succeeding [[Tokugawa shogunate]], Catholic Christianity was repressed and adherents were persecuted. During these times, many Christians were killed in Japan, some by [[crucifixion]]; most famously, the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|twenty-six martyrs of Japan]] were tortured and crucified on crosses outside Nagasaki to discourage Christianity in 1597. Following a brief respite that occurred as [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] rose to power and pursued trade with the Portuguese powers, there were further persecutions and martyrdoms in 1613, 1630, and 1632. By this point, after the [[Shimabara Rebellion]], the remaining Christians had been forced to publicly renounce their faith. Many continued practicing Christianity in secret, in modern times becoming known as the {{Nihongo|"[[Kakure Kirishitan|hidden Christians]]"|隠れキリシタン|kakure kirishitan}}. These secret believers would often conceal Christian iconography within closed [[Shinto Shrine|shrines]], lanterns or inconspicuous parts of buildings. For example, [[Himeji Castle]] has a Christian cross on one of its 17th-century roof tiles, in place of a ''[[mon (crest)|mon]]'', indicating that one of its occupants was a secret Christian.<ref>[http://www.ryuusenkaku.jp/english/himeji_castle.html Guide to World Heritage Site Himeiji Castle]. Ryuusenkaku.jp. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref> Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities, [[Shusaku Endo]]'s acclaimed historical novel "[[Silence (novel)|Silence]]" provides detailed fictionalised accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.
===Opening of Japan===
After Japan was opened to greater foreign interaction in 1853, many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches, though proselytism was still banned. After the [[Meiji Restoration]], freedom of religion was introduced in 1871, giving all Christian communities the right to legal existence and preaching. Since World War II the number of Japanese Christians has been slowly increasing.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2298.html Japan Guide on Christianity in Japan]. Japan-guide.com (2002-06-10). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>
-->
==Tokoh Kristen Jepang terkemuka==
Sejak pertama kalinya misi Katolik masuk pada abad ke-17, sejumlah pejabat tinggi Jepang masuk Kristen, termasuk [[Dom Justo Takayama]] dan [[Hosokawa Gracia]]. Di antara [[:en:Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|26 martir Jepang]], [[Paulo Miki]] yang paling terkenal. Orang Katolik mengenangnya sebagai salah satu santo pelindung Jepang.
<!--
Christianity in the [[Meiji period|Meiji-period]] saw several major educators and Christian converts as follows:
*{{Nihongo|[[Kanzo Uchimura]]|内村鑑三|Kanzō Uchimura}} (1861–1930), a Protestant, a headmaster of a head of the First Higher School. He was also the founder of [[Nonchurch movement]], one of the earliest indigenous Japanese Christian movements. His autobiography {{Nihongo|''Why have I become a christian?''|余は如何にして基督信徒となりし乎|yo wa ika ni shite Kirisuto shinto to narishi ka}}, focusing on his conversion influenced young generations in those days.
*{{Nihongo|[[Joseph Hardy Neesima]] ([[Jō Nījima]])|新島襄|Niijima Jō}} (1843–1890), a Protestant and the founder of [[Doshisha University]].
*{{Nihongo|[[Nitobe Inazō]]|新渡戸稲造|Nitobe Inazō}} (1862–1933), a Protestant and the founder of [[Tokyo Woman's Christian University]].
*{{Nihongo|[[Umeko Tsuda]]|津田梅子|Umeko Tsuda}} (1864–1929), a Protestant and the founder of Joshi Eigaku Juku (today [[Tsuda College]]).
In the 20th century, two major contributors to Protestant Christian [[theology]] emerged in Japan: {{Nihongo|[[Kosuke Koyama]]|小山晃佑|Koyama Kōsuke}}, who has been described as a leading contributor to global Christianity, and {{Nihongo|[[Kazoh Kitamori]]|北森嘉蔵|Kitamori Kazō}}, who wrote {{Nihongo|''The Theology of the Pain of God''|神の痛みの神学|kami no itami no shingaku}}. Social rights activist and author {{Nihongo|[[Toyohiko Kagawa]]|(賀川豊彦|Kagawa Toyohiko}}, who was nominated for both the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature, has also become known outside Japan, due to his evangelical work mainly in Japan, social work, and labor activism.
{{Nihongo|[[Mitsuo Fuchida]]|淵田美津雄|''Fuchida Mitsuo''}} (3 December 1902 – 30 May 1976) was a [[Naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II|Captain]]<ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/people/people9.html Capt. Mitsuo Fuchida (1902–1976) at]. Nationalgeographic.com (1941-12-07). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref> in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] and a bomber pilot in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] before and during [[World War II]]. After World War II ended, Fuchida became a [[Christian]] and an [[Evangelism|evangelistic]] preacher.<ref>Wright, Mike. ''What They Didn't Teach You About World War II''. Presidio Press, 1998. ISBN 0-89141-649-8</ref> In 1952, Fuchida toured the United States as a member of the Worldwide Christian Missionary Army of Sky Pilots. Fuchida spent the rest of his life telling others what God had done for him around the world. In February 1954, ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' published Fuchida's story of the attack on Pearl Harbor.<ref>Fuchida, Capt. Mitsuo. "I Led the Attack on Pearl Harbor". ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' February 1954; Vol. 64, No. 382.</ref> He also wrote and co-wrote books including, ''From Pearl Harbor to Golgotha (aka From Pearl Harbor to Calvary)''. His story is told in ''God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor (The Warriors)''<ref>Goldstein, Dillon and Prange 2003</ref> and in ''Wounded Tiger.''<ref>Bennett, T Martin 2014</ref>
{{Nihongo|[[Chiune Sugihara]]|杉原 千畝|Sugihara Chiune|1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986}} was a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[diplomat]] who served as Vice Consul for the [[Japanese Empire]] in [[Lithuania]]. In 1935 he converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/sugihara/timeline/text.html Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness . Interactive Timeline (text-only)]. PBS. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref><ref>[http://www.pravmir.com/article_282.html A Hidden Life: A Short Introduction to Chiune Sugihara]. Pravmir.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref> while serving in China as a diplomat. During [[World War II]], he helped several thousand [[Jew]]s leave the country by issuing transit visas to Jewish refugees so that they could travel to Japan. Most of the Jews who escaped were refugees from German-occupied [[Poland]] or residents of Lithuania. Sugihara wrote travel visas that facilitated the escape of more than 6,000 Jewish refugees to Japanese territory,<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sugihara.html Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara]. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref><ref name="ushmm.org">[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005594 Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara]. Ushmm.org (2011-01-06). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref> risking his career and his family's life. In 1985, [[Israel]] honored him as [[Righteous Among the Nations]] for his actions.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/><ref name="ushmm.org"/>
The 20th century also saw two Christian novelists of renown: {{Nihongo|[[Ayako Miura]]|三浦綾子|Miura Ayako|extra=1922–1999}} was a Protestant writer known for her works, one of the most influential being {{Nihongo|''Shiokari Pass''|塩狩峠|shiokari tōge|extra=1968}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}. {{Nihongo|[[Shusaku Endo]]|遠藤周作|Endō Shusaku}} was a Catholic novelist renowned for his works focusing on Christianity in Japan, including {{Nihongo|''Silence''|沈黙|chinmoku}}.
{{Nihongo|[[Kenji Goto]]|後藤 健二|Goto Kenji|1967 – 31 January 2015}} was a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] freelance journalist renowned for his firsthand coverage from war-torn countries. Goto had always stressed that he was not a [[war correspondent]]. He had insisted he was instead devoted to telling the story of ordinary people, especially children, one step removed from the war zone.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/02/01/world/asia/ap-as-japan-islamic-state-goto.html|title= Japan Mourns Goto as Caring and Courageous Reporter|publisher= New York Times|accessdate= 1 February 2015}}</ref> He attempted to rescue a Japanese hostage, [[Haruna Yukawa]] and was kidnapped by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] (ISIL) militants in Syria in October 2014. On 31 January 2015, ISIL released a video that purportedly showed Goto being beheaded.<ref name="guardian20150131">{{cite web |url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/isis-video-beheading-japanese-hostage-kenji-goto|title= Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto |first= Justin |last= McCurry |date= 31 January 2015|work= [[The Guardian]] |publisher= Guardian News and Media Limited |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 1 February 2015}}</ref>
-->
===Perdana Menteri Kristen===
Meskipun jumlah orang Kristen kurang dari 1% jumlah penduduk,<ref>{{cite web|title=Christianity's long history in the margins|url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/02/24/reference/christianitys-long-history-in-the-margins/|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=February 24, 2009|author=Mariko Kato|quote=The Christian community itself counts only those who have been baptized and are currently regular churchgoers — some 1 million people, or less than 1 percent of the population, according to Nobuhisa Yamakita, moderator of the United Church of Christ in Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Mission Network News]]|title=Christians use English to reach Japanese youth|date=3 September 2007|url=http://mnnonline.org/article/10318|quote=The population of Japan is less than one-percent Christian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RB2goIgxF68C&pg=PA62|title=Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan|page=62|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2000|isbn=1-57181-108-7|quote=... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population|author=Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger}}</ref> ada delapan orang Kriseight Christian Prime Ministers in Japanten yang pernah menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Jepang.
==== Katolik Roma ====
*[[Hara Takashi]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-19 dan perdana menteri ke-10.
*[[Shigeru Yoshida]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-45, ke-48, ke-49, ke-50, dan ke-51, dan perdana menteri ke-32.
*[[Taro Aso]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-92 dan perdana menteri ke-59.
==== Protestan ====
*Viscount [[Takahashi Korekiyo]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-20 dan perdana menteri ke-11.
*[[Tetsu Katayama]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-46 dan perdana menteri ke-33.
*[[Ichirō Hatoyama]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-52, ke-53, dan ke-54, dan perdana menteri ke-35.
*[[Masayoshi Ōhira]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-68, dan ke-69, dan perdana menteri ke-43.
*[[Yukio Hatoyama]] – pemimpin pemerintahan ke-94 dan perdana menteri ke-60.
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 9 ⟶ 147:
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
==Pustaka tambahan==
* Ballhatchet, Helen ([[Keio University]]). "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/30234180 Christianity and Gender Relationships in Japan: Case Studies of Marriage and Divorce in Early Meiji Protestant Circles]." ''[[Japanese Journal of Religious Studies]]''. [[Nanzan University]], Vol. 34, No. 1, Christians in Japan (2007), pp. 177-201. Available at [[JSTOR]].
* Germany, Charles H., ed. ''The Response of the Church to Changing Japan''. New York: Friendship Press, 1967.
==Pranala luar==
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Japan}}
* [http://english.pauline.or.jp/history/ History of the Japanese Catholic Church] by the Daughters of St. Paul convent; Tokyo, Japan
* [http://www.renaissancejapan.org/jcc/what-was-japans-christian-century What was Japan’s Christian Century (1550–1650)?] by JARS: Japanese Association for Renaissance Studies
* [http://www.pravmir.com/article_196.html Christianity is popular in Japan today, Orthodox Portal]
* [http://www.biblica.com/bibles/japanese Japanese Living Bible]
* [http://www.bible.or.jp/e/index.html Japanese Bible Society]
{{Topik Asia|Kekristenan di}}
Baris 16 ⟶ 166:
[[Kategori:Kristen di Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Kristen menurut negara|Jepang]]
| |||