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{{short description|Planetary space probe; farthest human-made object from Earth}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Voyager 1''
| image = Voyager spacecraft model.png
| image_caption = Model of the ''Voyager'' spacecraft design
| image_alt = Model of the Voyager spacecraft, a small-bodied spacecraft with a large, central dish and many arms and antennas extending from it
| mission_type = Outer planetary, heliosphere, and interstellar medium exploration
| operator = [[NASA]] / [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| website = {{url|https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/}}
| COSPAR_ID = 1977-084A<ref name="nasa.084A">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A |title=Voyager 1 |publisher=NASA/NSSDC |work=NSSDC Master Catalog |accessdate=August 21, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| SATCAT = 10321<ref name="n2yo.10321">{{cite web |url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=10321 |title=Voyager 1 |publisher=N2YO |accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref>
| mission_duration = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|{{time interval|5 September 1977 12:56:00|show=ymd|sep=,}} elapsed}}
* <small>Planetary mission: {{time interval|5 September 1977|14 December 1980|show=ymd|sep=,}}</small>
* <small>Interstellar mission: {{time interval|14 December 1980|show=ymd|sep=,}} elapsed</small>
}}
| spacecraft_type = [[Mariner program|Mariner]] Jupiter-Saturn
| manufacturer = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|825.5|kg|abbr=on}}
| power = 470 watts (at launch)
| launch_date = {{start-date|September 5, 1977, 12:56:00|timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Titan IIIE]]
| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41|Launch Complex 41]]
| launch_contractor =
| last_contact = <!-- {{end-date|[date]}} -->
| decay_date =
| interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Jupiter]]
| distance = {{convert|349000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = March 5, 1979
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Saturn]]
| distance = {{convert|124000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = November 12, 1980
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]
|note = atmosphere study
| distance = {{convert|6490|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = November 12, 1980
}}
| programme = [[Flagship Program|Flagship]]
| previous_mission = ''[[Voyager 2]]''
| next_mission = ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]''
}}
'''''Voyager 1''''' is a [[space probe]] launched by [[NASA]] on September 5, 1977. Part of the [[Voyager program]] to study the outer [[Solar System]], ''Voyager 1'' was launched 16 days after its twin, ''[[Voyager 2]]''. Having operated for {{time interval|5 September 1977 12:56:00|show=ymd}} as of {{date|2=MDY}}, the spacecraft still communicates with the [[Deep Space Network]] to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. At a distance of {{Convert|148.65|AU|e9km e9mi|sigfig=3|abbr=unit|lk=on}} from Earth as of December 26, 2019<ref name="voyager">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/ |title=Voyager - Mission Status |last= |first= |date= |work=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=December 26, 2019}},</ref> it is the most distant man-made object from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/voyager_1 |title=Voyager 1 |work=[[BBC]] Solar System |accessdate=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203195855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/voyager_1 |archive-date=February 3, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The probe's objectives included flybys of [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], and Saturn's largest moon, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. Although the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a [[Pluto]] encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere.<ref name="faq"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/07/new-horizons-pluto-historic-kuiper-encounter/ |title=New Horizons conducts flyby of Pluto in historic Kuiper Belt encounter |accessdate=September 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="SD">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/What_If_Voyager_Had_Explored_Pluto_999.html |title=What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto? |accessdate=September 2, 2015}}</ref> ''Voyager 1'' studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their [[Natural satellite|moons]].
After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 12, 1980, ''Voyager 1'' became the [[List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System|third of five artificial objects]] to achieve the [[escape velocity]] required to [[Solar System#Farthest regions|leave the Solar System]].{{cn|date=July 2019}} On August 25, 2012, ''Voyager 1'' became the first spacecraft to cross the [[Heliopause (astronomy)|heliopause]] and enter the [[interstellar medium]].<ref name="NYT-20130912">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |title=In a Breathtaking First, NASA Craft Exits the Solar System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/science/in-a-breathtaking-first-nasa-craft-exits-the-solar-system.html |date=September 12, 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=September 12, 2013}}</ref>
In a further testament to the robustness of ''Voyager 1'', the Voyager team completed a successful test of the spacecraft's ''trajectory correction maneuver'' (TCM) thrusters in late 2017 (the first time these thrusters were fired since 1980), a project enabling the mission to be extended by two to three years.<ref name="Backup thrusters test">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Voyager 1 Just Fired Up its Backup Thrusters for the 1st Time in 37 Years |url=https://www.space.com/38967-voyager-1-fires-backup-thrusters-after-37-years.html |accessdate=December 3, 2017 |publisher=Space.com |date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>
''Voyager 1''{{'}}s extended mission is expected to continue until about 2025 when its [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s will no longer supply enough electric power to operate its scientific instruments.
== Mission background ==
=== History===
In the 1960s, a [[Planetary Grand Tour|Grand Tour]] to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s.<ref name="NASA.1960">{{cite web |url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html |title=1960s |publisher=JPL |accessdate=August 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208070306/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html |archivedate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> Information gathered by the ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' spacecraft helped ''Voyager''<nowiki/>'s engineers design ''Voyager'' to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter.<ref name="rad">{{cite web |title=The Pioneer missions |date=2007 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html |accessdate=August 19, 2013}}</ref> However, shortly before launch, strips of kitchen-grade [[aluminum foil]] were applied to certain cabling to further enhance radiation shielding.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://informal.jpl.nasa.gov/museum/content/preview-screening-farthest-voyager-space |title=Preview Screening: The Farthest - Voyager in Space |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 2017 |website=informal.jpl.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA Museum Alliance |access-date=August 18, 2019 |quote=supermarket aluminum foil added at the last minute to protect the craft from radiation}}</ref>
Initially, ''Voyager 1'' was planned as "''Mariner 11''" of the [[Mariner program]]. Due to budget cuts, the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager, since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.<ref name="goo.win">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0j-4d73jQFEC&pg=PA251 |page=251 |chapter=Chapter 11 |title=From engineering science to big science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy research project winners |isbn=978-0-16-049640-0 |last=Mack |first=Pamela |work=History Office |year=1998}}</ref>
=== Spacecraft components ===
{{Main|Voyager program#Spacecraft design}}
[[File:Voyager Program - High-gain antenna diagram.png|thumb|left|upright|The {{convert|3.7|m|abbr=on}} diameter [[Directional antenna|high gain dish antenna]] used on the ''Voyager'' craft|160px]]
''Voyager 1'' was constructed by the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref name="Landau CNN">{{cite news |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Voyager 1 becomes first human-made object to leave solar system |work=CNN |publisher=CNN |date=October 2, 2013 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/12/tech/innovation/voyager-solar-system/ |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/ |title=NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space |work=NASA |date=September 12, 2013 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |quote=NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft officially is the first human-made object to venture into interstellar space.}}</ref><ref name="Trailblazer">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/viking30_fs.html |title=Viking: Trailblazer for All Mars Research |work=NASA |date=June 22, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |quote=All of these missions relied on Viking technologies. As it did for the [[Viking program]] team in 1976, Mars continues to hold a special fascination. Thanks to the dedication of men and women working at NASA centers across the country, the mysterious Mars of our past is becoming a much more familiar place.}}</ref> It has 16 [[hydrazine]] thrusters, [[three-axis stabilization]] [[gyroscopes]], and [[Attitude control|referencing instruments]] to keep the probe's radio antenna pointed toward Earth. Collectively, these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS), along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters.<!-- cn --> The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects such as [[planets]] as it travels through space.<ref name="PDS-Host">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/ |title=VOYAGER 1:Host Information |date=1989 |publisher=JPL |accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref>
==== Communication system ====
The radio [[communication system]] of ''Voyager 1'' was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the [[Solar System]]. The communication system includes a {{convert|3.7|m|sp=us|adj=on}} [[diameter]] high gain [[Cassegrain antenna]] to send and receive [[radio waves]] via the three [[Deep Space Network]] stations on the Earth.<ref name="nasa.hga">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments_hga.html |title=High Gain Antenna |publisher=JPL |accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> The craft normally transmits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18, using a frequency of either 2.3 GHz or 8.4 GHz, while signals from Earth to ''Voyager'' are transmitted at 2.1 GHz.<ref name="nasa.tele">{{cite web |last=Ludwig |first=Roger |last2=Taylor |first2=Jim |title=Voyager Telecommunications |work=DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=March 2002 |url=https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>
When ''Voyager 1'' is unable to communicate directly with the Earth, its digital [[Magnetic storage|tape]] recorder (DTR) can record about 64 kilobytes of data for transmission at another time.<ref name="nasa.77.136">{{cite web |title=NASA News Press Kit 77–136 |publisher=JPL/NASA |url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=9476.0;attach=591860 |accessdate=December 15, 2014}}</ref> Signals from ''Voyager 1'' take over 20 hours to reach Earth.<ref name="voyager" />
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Voyager 1 ''
| |||