Deisme
Deisme (berasal dari istilah bahasa Latin, deus, yang berarti "tuhan")[1][2] adalah sebuah posisi filosofis dan teologi rasionalistik[3] yang umumnya menolak wahyu sebagai sumber pengetahuan ilahi. Sebagai suatu posisi teologi, deisme menilai bahwa akal dan pengamatan terhadap dunia secara empiris merupakan satu-satunya cara yang logis, dapat diandalkan, dan cukup untuk menentukan keberadaan Tuhan sebagai pencipta alam semesta.[9] Secara lebih sederhana, Deisme adalah keyakinan akan keberadaan Tuhan—sering kali dipahami sebagai Tuhan yang tidak mempunyai kepribadian dan tidak dapat dijangkau, yang tidak campur tangan terhadap alam semesta setelah Ia menciptakannya.[10] Keyakinan ini sepenuhnya didasarkan pada pemikiran rasional tanpa bergantung pada wahyu atau otoritas keagamaan.[11] Deisme menekankan konsep teologi alamiah, yaitu bahwa keberadaan Tuhan dapat diketahui melalui alam yang rasional.[12]
Sejak abad ke-17 dan selama Era Pencerahan—terutama di Inggris, Prancis, dan Amerika Utara pada abad ke-18—berbagai filsuf dan teolog Barat mulai merumuskan penolakan kritis terhadap berbagai teks agama yang berasal dari beragam agama terorganisir. Sejak saat itu, mereka mulai mengacu pada kebenaran-kebenaran yang dapat dibuktikan melalui akal dan observasi empiris sebagai sumber pengetahuan tentang hal-hal ilahi.[14] Para filsuf dan teolog ini kemudian dikenal sebagai "Deis", dan pandangan filosofis/teologis yang mereka anut disebut "Deisme".[15]
Deisme sebagai sebuah gerakan filsafat dan intelektual mengalami kemunduran pada akhir abad ke-18,[16] namun bangkit kembali pada awal abad ke-19.[17] Beberapa ajarannya kini menjadi bagian dari gerakan intelektual dan spiritual lainnya, seperti Unitarianisme.[18] Deisme terus memiliki pendukung hingga saat ini,[19] dan mempunyai beberapa varian modern seperti deisme Kristen dan pandeisme.
Terminologi
suntingKata "deisme" berasal dari kata deus dalam bahasa Latin yang diartikan sebagai Tuhan atau dewa. Dari kata ini, konsep keberadaan Tuhan dijelaskan dengan kondisi yang berpisah dari alam semesta dengan jarak yang jauh. Deisme meyakini bahwa Tuhan hanya berperan dalam banyak hal berupa, penciptaan alam semesta dan tidak berperan di dalam pengaturannya. Segala proses yang terjadi di alam semesta dianggap telah ditetapkan sejak awal penciptaan secara tetap dan sempurna. Analogi yang diberikan oleh penganut deisme ialah Tuhan sebagai pembuat jam dengan mekanisme yang hanya ditetapkan pada awal pembuatannya saja. Jam ini kemudian bekerja melalui susunan yang rapi tanpa perlu campur tangan dari pembuatnya lagi.[20]
Sejarah
suntingDeisme adalah sub-kategori theisme, dalam rekomendasi yang baik dalam kepercayaan dewa. Seperti dalam theisme, deisme adalah atas dasar kepercayaan agama yang dapat dibangun.[butuh rujukan] Berbeda dengan theisme, saat ini terdapat tidak didirikan deistic agama, dengan kemungkinan pengecualian Unitarianisme, Universalisme dan Konfusianisme.[butuh rujukan] Konsep deisme meliputi berbagai posisi pada berbagai masalah keagamaan. Lihat bagian Fitur deism di bawah ini. Deisme dapat juga merujuk ke pribadi set kepercayaan harus dilakukan dengan peran spiritualitas di alam.[butuh rujukan]
Sebaliknya, Deisme dapat menjadi dewa dalam kepercayaan, doktrin pemerintahan atau definisi lain yang bersifat seperti dewa.[butuh rujukan] Deisme dapat mirip dengan naturalisme.[butuh rujukan] Oleh karena itu, sering kali Deisme dianggap memberikan makna untuk pembentukan semesta untuk hidup yang lebih tinggi dengan kerangka rencana yang memungkinkan hanya untuk mengatur proses penciptaan alam.[butuh rujukan]
Referensi
sunting- ^ a b c d Harper, Leland Royce (2020). "Attributes of a Deistic God". Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 47–68. ISBN 978-1-7936-1475-9. LCCN 2020935396.
- ^ Peters, Ted (2013). "Models of God: Deism". Dalam Diller, Jeanine; Kasher, Asa (ed.). Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Dordrecht and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. hlm. 51–52. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5. ISBN 978-94-007-5219-1. LCCN 2012954282.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Merril D., ed. (2015). "Deism". The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, imprint of ABC-Clio. hlm. 661–664. ISBN 978-1-4408-3027-3. LCCN 2015009496.
- ^ a b c d e Bristow, William (Fall 2017). "Religion and the Enlightenment: Deism". Dalam Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 11 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2021.
Deism is the form of religion most associated with the Enlightenment. According to deism, we can know by the natural light of reason that the universe is created and governed by a supreme intelligence; however, although this supreme being has a plan for creation from the beginning, the being does not interfere with creation; the deist typically rejects miracles and reliance on special revelation as a source of religious doctrine and belief, in favor of the natural light of reason. Thus, a deist typically rejects the divinity of Christ, as repugnant to reason; the deist typically demotes the figure of Jesus from agent of miraculous redemption to extraordinary moral teacher. Deism is the form of religion fitted to the new discoveries in natural science, according to which the cosmos displays an intricate machine-like order; the deists suppose that the supposition of a God is necessary as the source or author of this order. Though not a deist himself, Isaac Newton provides fuel for deism with his argument in his Opticks (1704) that we must infer from the order and beauty in the world to the existence of an intelligent supreme being as the cause of this order and beauty. Samuel Clarke, perhaps the most important proponent and popularizer of Newtonian philosophy in the early eighteenth century, supplies some of the more developed arguments for the position that the correct exercise of unaided human reason leads inevitably to the well-grounded belief in a God. He argues that the Newtonian physical system implies the existence of a transcendent cause, the creator a God. In his first set of Boyle lectures, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (1705), Clarke presents the metaphysical or "argument a priori" for God's existence. This argument concludes from the rationalist principle that whatever exists must have a sufficient reason or cause of its existence to the existence of a transcendent, necessary being who stands as the cause of the chain of natural causes and effects.
- ^ a b c d e Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A.; Mapson, K.; Stefon, Matt (13 March 2020) [26 July 1999]. "Deism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 June 2021. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2021.
Deism, an unorthodox religious attitude that found expression among a group of English writers beginning with Edward Herbert (later 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury) in the first half of the 17th century and ending with Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, in the middle of the 18th century. These writers subsequently inspired a similar religious attitude in Europe during the second half of the 18th century and in the colonial United States of America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.
- ^ a b Gomes, Alan W. (2012) [2011]. "Deism". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408. ISBN 9781405157629.
Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.
- ^ a b c d Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaDHS 2005
- ^ a b c d Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). "Deism". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 15 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2021.
A system of belief which posits a God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws. The Socinians, as opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity, were designated as deists [...]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries deism became synonymous with "natural religion," and deist with "freethinker." England and France have been successively the strongholds of deism. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the "father of deism" in England, assumes certain "innate ideas," which establish five religious truths: (1) that God is; (2) that it is man's duty to worship Him; (3) that worship consists in virtue and piety; (4) that man must repent of sin and abandon his evil ways; (5) that divine retribution either in this or in the next life is certain. He holds that all positive religions are either allegorical and poetic interpretations of nature or deliberately organized impositions of priests.
- ^ [1][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- ^ Doniger, Wendy; Eliade, Mircea, ed. (1999). "DEUS OTIOSUS". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. hlm. 288. ISBN 9780877790440. OCLC 1150050382. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2023-03-13. Diakses tanggal 2023-03-15.
DEUS OTIOSUS (Latin: "inactive god") in the history of religions and philosophy, a High God who has withdrawn from the immediate details of the government of the world. [...] In Western philosophy, the deus otiosus concept has been attributed to Deism, a 17th–18th century Western rationalistic religio-philosophical movement, in its view of a non-intervening creator of the universe. Although this stark interpretation was accepted by very few Deists, many of their antagonists attempted to force them into the position of stating that after the original act of creation God virtually withdrew and refrained from interfering in the processes of nature and human affairs.
- ^ [1][3][4][5][7][8]
- ^ [1][3][4][5][6][7]
- ^ a b Herrick, James A. (1997). "Characteristics of British Deism". The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750. Studies in Rhetoric/Communication. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. hlm. 23–49. ISBN 978-1-57003-166-3.
- ^ [3][4][5][7][8][13]
- ^ [3][4][5][8][13]
- ^ Smith, Merril D., ed. (2015). "Deism". The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, imprint of ABC-Clio. hlm. 661–664. ISBN 978-1-4408-3027-3. LCCN 2015009496.
- ^ Claeys, Gregory (1989). "Revolution in heaven: The Age of Reason (1794-95)". Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought (Edisi 1st). New York and London: Routledge. hlm. 177–195. ISBN 9780044450900.
- ^ Peters, Ted (2013). "Models of God: Deism". Dalam Diller, Jeanine; Kasher, Asa (ed.). Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Dordrecht and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. hlm. 51–52. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5. ISBN 978-94-007-5219-1. LCCN 2012954282.
- ^ Harper, Leland Royce (2020). "Attributes of a Deistic God". Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 47–68. ISBN 978-1-7936-1475-9. LCCN 2020935396.
- ^ Kasno (2018). Salsabila, Intan (ed.). Filsafat Agama (PDF). Surabaya: Alpha. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-602-6681-18-8. Pemeliharaan CS1: Status URL (link)
Pranala luar
sunting- The Origins of English Rationalism
- Deism Diarsipkan 2008-10-02 di Wayback Machine. - Dictionary of the History of Ideas
- English Deism - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- French Deism - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Turkish Deism Diarsipkan 2018-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Deism Diarsipkan 2019-12-30 di Wayback Machine. - ReligiousTolerance.org
- Deism - Catholic Encyclopedia (1908)
- The Rise and Fall of English Deism Diarsipkan 2009-02-02 di Wayback Machine.
- An Account of the Growth of Deism in England by William Stephens, London: Printed for the Author, MDCXCVI, at the DCL.
- collection of essays Diarsipkan 2008-12-19 di Wayback Machine.
- The Age of Reason at Project Gutenberg
- Spiritual Deism Diarsipkan 2009-01-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Deism and Reason
- Positive Deism
- Dynamic Deism Diarsipkan 2021-02-13 di Wayback Machine.
- World Union of Deists
- Deism and Panendeism information[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Deist Links
- American/Unitarian Conference
- Temple of Reason
- The Deist Alliance Diarsipkan 2021-11-30 di Wayback Machine.
- Modern Deism[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- To Nature's God[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Online Deist book and site[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Deist Information Diarsipkan 2017-11-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Deism in Brazil[pranala nonaktif permanen]