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Ringkasan
DeskripsiSoil fertility analysis 9 Titration of extractable acidity.jpg |
English: Soil fertility analysis. Measuring extractable acidity by titration. |
Tanggal | |
Sumber | Karya sendiri |
Pembuat | Alandmanson |
Lokasi kamera | 29° 32′ 38,76″ S, 30° 16′ 07,46″ T | Lihat gambar ini dan gambar di sekitarnya di: OpenStreetMap | -29.544100; 30.268740 |
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Analytical methods used in the Soil Fertility Laboratory of the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
The Soil Fertility Laboratory routinely performs the following analyses as part of the Department’s Fertilizer Advisory Service, using the rapid procedures described by Hunter (1975) and Farina (1981): Ambic-2-extractable P, K and Zn, KCl-extractable Ca, Mg and acidity, and pH (KCl). These methods are briefly described below (Manson and Roberts, 2011).
Sample preparation
Soil samples are air dried at room temperature; they are spread out in drying trays and air is forced over them. When dry, the samples are crushed between rubber belts on a soil crusher and passed through a 1-mm sieve. Material coarser than 1 mm that cannot be crushed (such as stones, gravel and concretions), is discarded.
Batch handling
Samples are scooped into trays which each contain 11 PVC cups (capacity 70 mL); a tray is used for nine unknown samples, one standard soil sample (for quality control) and one blank. For operations such as dispensing and stirring, and for quality control, batches of three trays (27 samples, three unknowns, and three blanks) are used. Multiple dispensers and diluter/dispensers are used to dispense aliquots of extractant or reagent to three samples at a time.
Sample density
Soil samples are analysed on a volume rather than a mass basis. To enable the conversion of the results to a mass basis, the mass of a 10-mL scoop of a dried and milled sample is measured and the calculated sample density is reported.
pH (KCl)
10 mL of soil is scooped into sample cups. 25 mL of 1 M KCl solution is added and the suspension is stirred at 400 r.p.m. for 5 min using a multiple stirrer. The suspension is allowed to stand for about 30 minutes, and the pH is measured using a gel-filled combination glass electrode while stirring. De-ionised water is substituted for the 1 M KCl solution if pH (water) is required.
Extractable (1 M KCl) calcium, magnesium and acidity
2.5 mL of soil is scooped into sample cups. 25 mL of 1 M KCl solution is added and the suspension is stirred at 400 r.p.m. for 10 min using a multiple stirrer. The extracts are filtered using Whatman No.1 paper. 5 mL of the filtrate is diluted with 20 mL of 0.0356 M SrCl2, and Ca and Mg determined by atomic absorption. To determine extractable acidity, 10 mL of the filtrate is diluted with 10 mL of de-ionised water containing 2-4 drops of phenolphthalein, and titrated with 0.005 M NaOH.
Extractable (Ambic-2) phosphorus, potassium, zinc and manganese
The Ambic-2 extracting solution consists of 0.25 M NH4CO3 + 0.01 M Na2EDTA + 0.01 M NH4F + 0.05 g L-1 Superfloc (N100), adjusted to pH 8 with a concentrated ammonia solution. 25 mL of this solution is added to 2.5 mL soil, and the suspension is stirred at 400 r.p.m. for 10 min using a multiple stirrer. The extracts are filtered using Whatman No.1 paper. Phosphorus is determined on a 2 mL aliquot of filtrate using a modification of the Murphy and Riley (1962) molybdenum blue procedure (Hunter, 1974). Potassium is determined by atomic absorption on a 5 mL aliquot of the filtrate after dilution with 20 mL de-ionised water. Zinc and Mn are determined by atomic absorption on the remaining undiluted filtrate.
Effective CEC (ECEC) and Acid saturation
Effective CEC is calculated as the sum of KCl-extractable Ca, Mg, and acidity and Ambic-2 extractable K. Percent acid saturation of the ECEC is calculated as "extractable acidity" x 100 / (Ca + Mg + K + "extractable acidity").
References
Farina, M.P.W. 1981. The Hunter system of soil analysis. Fertilizer Society of South Africa Journal, 1, 39-41.
Hunter, A. 1974. Tentative ISFEI soil extraction procedure. International Soil Fertility and Improvement Project. N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC.
Hunter, A. 1975. New techniques and equipment for routine soil/plant analytical procedures. In: Soil Management in Tropical America. (eds E. Borremiza & A. Alvarado). N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC.
Manson, A.D. and Roberts, V.G., 2011. Analytical methods used by the soil fertility and analytical services section. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J.R. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36.
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Items portrayed in this file
menggambarkan
8 Februari 2012
29°32'38.8"S, 30°16'7.3"E
exposure time Inggris
0,02 detik
f-number Inggris
4,5
focal length Inggris
9,87 milimeter
ISO speed Inggris
400
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Tanggal/Waktu | Miniatur | Dimensi | Pengguna | Komentar | |
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Produsen kamera | SONY |
---|---|
Model kamera | DSC-HX5V |
Waktu pajanan | 1/50 detik (0,02) |
Nilai F | f/4,5 |
Rating kecepatan ISO | 400 |
Tanggal dan waktu pembuatan data | 8 Februari 2012 08.44 |
Jarak fokus lensa | 9,87 mm |
Lintang | 28° 42′ 20,51″ S |
Bujur | 30° 57′ 46,14″ E |
Ketinggian | 868,8 meter di atas permukaan laut |
Orientasi | Normal |
Resolusi horizontal | 72 dpi |
Resolusi vertikal | 72 dpi |
Tanggal dan waktu perubahan berkas | 8 Februari 2012 08.44 |
Penempatan Y dan C | Atas (co-sited) |
Program pajanan | Program normal |
Versi Exif | 2.21 |
Tanggal dan waktu digitalisasi | 8 Februari 2012 08.44 |
Arti tiap komponen |
|
Mode kompresi gambar | 5 |
Bias pajanan | 0 |
Bukaan tanah maksimum | 3,625 APEX (f/3,51) |
Mode pengukuran | RerataBerbobot |
Sumber cahaya | Tidak diketahui |
Kilas | Lampu kilat tidak menyala, lampu kilat dimatikan |
Dukungan versi Flashpix | 1 |
Ruang warna | sRGB |
Sumber berkas | Kamera diam digital |
Tipe pemandangan | Gambar foto langsung |
Proses buatan gambar | Proses normal |
Mode pajanan | Pajanan otomatis |
Keseimbangan putih | Keseimbangan putih otomatis |
Tipe penangkapan | Standar |
Kontras | Normal |
Saturasi | Normal |
Ketajaman | Normal |
Waktu GPS (jam atom) | 12:39:38.148 |
Status penerima | Interoperabilitas pengukuran |
Mode pengukuran | Pengukuran 3-dimensi |
Unit kecepatan | Kilometer per jam |
Kecepatan penerima GPS | 1,5 |
Referensi arah gerakan | Arah sejati |
Arah gerakan | 212,93 |
Referensi arah gambar | Arah magnetis |
Arah gambar | 16,75 |
Data survei geodesi | WGS-84 |
Tanggal GPS | 1 Februari 2012 |
Koreksi diferensial GPS | 0 |
Versi tag GPS | 0.0.2.2 |