Syurahbil bin Hasanah
Abu Abdullah Syurahbil bin Hasanah (bahasa Arab: أبو عبد الله شُرَحبيل بن حسَنة) adalah seorang pemeluk Islam awal, seorang sahabat Nabi dan jenderal selama Penaklukan Suriah oleh Muslim.
Kehidupan awalSunting
Ayah Syurahbil adalah Abdullah bin Mutha' bin Amr, seorang anggota suku Arab dari suku Kindah. Syurahbil dinamai berdasarkan nama ibunya, Hasanah. Melalui garis keturunan ibunya, ia terhubung dengan suku Quraisy klan Bani Zuhrah dan Bani Jumah di Makkah. Syurahbil adalah pemeluk Islam awal dan termasuk diantara sahabat Nabi Muhammad. Syurahbil termasuk bagian dari rombongan yang ikut hijrah dari Makkah ke Habasyah untuk menghindari penyiksaan dari kaum kafir Quraisy.[1]
Karier militerSunting
Pertempuran bersama Nabi Muhammad dan Perang RiddahSunting
Syurahbil kemudian ikut serta dalam pertempuran melawan orang-orang kafir selama masa Nabi Muhammad. Setelah Nabi wafat pada tahun 632, banyak suku Arab yang telah memeluk Islam kemudian murtad dan menolak kepemimpinan kaum Muslim. Khalifah Abu Bakar (berkuasa 632–634) kemudian melancarkan Perang Riddah di seluruh Arab untuk menundukkan suku-suku tersebut. Selama perang tersebut, Syurahbil berperang di pihak Muslim sebagai wakil jenderal Khalid bin Walid dalam Pertempuran Aqrabah atau Pertempuran Yamamah di Najd tengah.[1]
Penaklukan SuriahSunting
After the Muslim victory in the Ridda wars, Shurahbil was appointed a commander of one of the four Muslim armies dispatched to conquer the Levant from the Byzantine Empire and its Arab Christian allies.[2][3] Shurahbil's army was 7,000-strong and its zone of operations corresponded to the territory of Palaestina Secunda.[2] There are scant details about Shurahbil's campaigns.[2] His initial assignment was to the region that corresponds with modern-day southern Jordan possibly to keep in check the Quda'a tribes which had embraced, broken and reconciled with the nascent Muslim state based in Medina in the previous years.[4] According to the histories of Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi, Shurahbil was present during the siege of Bosra, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid in May 634.[5] It was the first major Syrian city to be conquered by the Muslims.[5]
Later, in July, Shurahbil served as a deputy of Amr ibn al-As in the decisive victory against the Byzantines at the Battle of Ajnadayn, which also saw significant Muslim losses, between Ramla and Bayt Jibrin.[5] The Muslims apparently pursued the Byzantines northward and defeated them at the Battle of Fahl in December 634/January 635 where Shurahbil was also a deputy commander.[6] According to 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, Abu Ubayda left Shurahbil and ibn al-‘As in charge of Fahl (Pella) and they proceeded to besiege Baysan which ultimately surrendered after minor clashes over the course of several days.[7] Shurahbil likely played a commanding role in the Muslim capture of Gerasa (Jerash) and the Golan region between late 634 and early 635 as well.[2]
Setelah tentara Bizantium dikalahkan di Pertempuran Yarmuk, Syurahbil diperintahkan untuk menaklukkan Palestina utara.[1][8] Ia berhasil menaklukan wilayah tersebut dengan pengecualian Kaisarea, yang kemudian ditaklukan oleh jenderal Muslim lainnya setelah pengepungan beberapa tahun.[8]
MeninggalSunting
Syurahbil meninggal pada tahun 639 karena terinfeksi Wabah Amwas di Palestina tengah bersama satu dari empat jenderal lainnya, Yazid bin Abi Sufyan. Menurut sejarawan abad ke-9 Ahmad al-Baladzuri, ia berusia 69 tahun, sedangkan sejarawan abad ke-13 Ibnul Atsir menulis bahwa ia meninggal pada usia 67.[1]
ReferensiSunting
- ^ a b c d Bosworth 1997, hlm. 508.
- ^ a b c d Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBosworth508 - ^ Donner 1981, hlm. 114.
- ^ Donner 1981, hlm. 116.
- ^ a b c Donner 1981, hlm. 129.
- ^ Donner 1981, hlm. 130.
- ^ Donner 1981, hlm. 137.
- ^ a b Donner 1981, hlm. 152–153.
Daftar pustakaSunting
- Bosworth, C. E. (1997). "Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥaṣana". Dalam Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lecomte, G. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10422-4.
- Donner, Fred M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4787-7.
- Perlman, Yaara (April 2020). "The Tribal Affiliations of Shuraḥbīl ibn Ḥasana". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 79 (1): 113–124. doi:10.1086/707614.