Stalinisme

Stalinisme (bahasa Rusia: сталинизм, stalinizm) adalah cara memerintah totaliter^[1]^[2]^[3] dan kebijakan Marxis–Leninis yang diterapkan di Uni Soviet (URSS) dari tahun 1927 hingga 1953 oleh diktator Josef Stalin dan di negara-negara satelit Soviet antara tahun 1944 dan 1953. Stalinisme mencakup pembentukan negara polisi totaliter satu orang,^[4]^[5] industrialisasi cepat, teori sosialisme di satu negara, kolektivisasi pertanian secara paksa, intensifikasi konflik kelas, kultus kepribadian,^[6]^[7] dan subordinasi kepentingan partai-partai komunis asing terhadap kepentingan Partai Komunis Uni Soviet, yang oleh Stalinisme dianggap sebagai partai pelopor revolusi komunis pada saat itu.^[8] Setelah kematian Stalin dan Khrushchev Thaw, periode de-Stalinisasi dimulai pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, yang menyebabkan pengaruh ideologi Stalin mulai memudar di Uni Soviet.

Rezim Stalin secara paksa membersihkan masyarakat dari apa yang dianggapnya sebagai ancaman bagi dirinya dan komunisme (yang disebut "musuh rakyat"), yang meliputi para pembangkang politik, nasionalis non-Soviet, kaum borjuis, petani kaya ("kulak"),^[9] dan mereka yang berasal dari kelas pekerja yang menunjukkan simpati "kontra-revolusioner".^[10] Hal ini mengakibatkan penindasan massal terhadap orang-orang tersebut dan keluarga mereka, termasuk penangkapan massal, sidang tontonan, eksekusi, dan pemenjaraan di kamp-kamp kerja paksa yang dikenal sebagai gulag.^[11] Contoh yang paling terkenal adalah Pembersihan Besar-besaran dan kampanye Dekulakisasi. Stalinisme juga ditandai dengan ateisme militan, penganiayaan massal anti-agama,^[12]^[13] dan pembersihan etnis melalui deportasi paksa.^[14] Beberapa sejarawan, seperti Robert Service, menyalahkan kebijakan Stalinis, khususnya kolektivisasi, sebagai penyebab kelaparan seperti Holodomor.^[12] Sejarawan dan cendekiawan lain tak sepakat mengenai peran Stalinisme.^[15]

Etimologi

Istilah ini datang dan menonjol selama pertengahan 1930-an, ketika Lazar Kaganovich, seorang politikus Soviet dan rekan Stalin, dilaporkan menyatakan, "Mari kita ganti Hidup Leninisme dengan Hidup Stalinisme!"^[16] Stalin awalnya ragu melihat penggunaan istilah ini, menolak karena pujian yang berlebihan dan cenderung menjadi kultus kepribadian.^[16]

Sejarah

Stalinisme digunakan untuk menggambarkan periode Stalin yang bertindak sebagai pemimpin Uni Soviet saat menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal Komite Sentral Partai Komunis dari 1924 sampai kematiannya pada tahun 1953.

Referensi

^ Kershaw, Ian; Lewin, Moshe (28 April 1997). Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-521-56521-9.
^ Baratieri, Daniela; Edele, Mark; Finaldi, Giuseppe (8 October 2013). Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 1–50. ISBN 978-1-135-04396-4.
^ Deutscher, Isaac (1967). Stalin: A Political Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. ix. ISBN 978-0-14-020757-6.
^ Krieger, Joel (2013). The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). OUP USA. hlm. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-973859-5.
^ Gill, Graeme; Gill, Graeme J. (18 July 2002). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-52936-5.
^ Deutscher, Isaac (1961). Stalin: A Political Biography (Edisi 2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-19-500273-7.
^ Plamper, Jan (17 January 2012). The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16952-2.
^ Bottomore, Thomas (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 54. ISBN 978-0-631-18082-1.
^ Kotkin 1997, hlm. 71, 81, 307.
^ Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01926-1.
^ Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, ed. (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 307. ISBN 978-0-691-15429-9.
^ ^a ^b Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Harvard University Press. hlm. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-674-04699-3.
^ Greeley, Andrew, ed. (2009). Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile. Routledge. hlm. 89. ISBN 978-0-7658-0821-9.
^ Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, ed. (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 308–310. ISBN 978-0-691-15429-9.
^ Sawicky, Nicholas D. (20 December 2013). The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity (Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal February 6, 2021. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2020 – via Digital Commons. Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).
^ ^a ^b Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2004). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Knopf. hlm. 164. ISBN 1-4000-4230-5.

Pranala luar

Stalin, Joseph V. Stalin Reference Archive at Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved May 11, 2005.
Joseph Stalin Diarsipkan 2007-05-23 di Wayback Machine. on Spartacus Schoolnet
Joseph Stalin by the BBC
Basic Economic Precepts of Stalinist Socialism by Pedro Campos, Havana Times, June 21, 2010

Artikel bertopik politik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Kershaw, Ian; Lewin, Moshe (28 April 1997). Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-521-56521-9.

[2] Baratieri, Daniela; Edele, Mark; Finaldi, Giuseppe (8 October 2013). Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 1–50. ISBN 978-1-135-04396-4.

[Stalin:_A_Political_Biography-3] Deutscher, Isaac (1967). Stalin: A Political Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. ix. ISBN 978-0-14-020757-6.

[4] Krieger, Joel (2013). The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). OUP USA. hlm. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-973859-5.

[5] Gill, Graeme; Gill, Graeme J. (18 July 2002). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-52936-5.

[6] Deutscher, Isaac (1961). Stalin: A Political Biography (Edisi 2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-19-500273-7.

[7] Plamper, Jan (17 January 2012). The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16952-2.

[8] Bottomore, Thomas (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 54. ISBN 978-0-631-18082-1.

[FOOTNOTEKotkin199771,_81,_307-9] Kotkin 1997, hlm. 71, 81, 307.

[10] Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01926-1.

[11] Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, ed. (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 307. ISBN 978-0-691-15429-9.

[service-12] Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Harvard University Press. hlm. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-674-04699-3.

[13] Greeley, Andrew, ed. (2009). Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile. Routledge. hlm. 89. ISBN 978-0-7658-0821-9.

[14] Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, ed. (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 308–310. ISBN 978-0-691-15429-9.

[15] Sawicky, Nicholas D. (20 December 2013). The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity (Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal February 6, 2021. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2020 – via Digital Commons. Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).

[Montefiore_2004_164-16] Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2004). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Knopf. hlm. 164. ISBN 1-4000-4230-5.

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