Spiritual (musik)

Spirituals (atau Spiritual negro) adalah musik-musik keagamaan (utamanya Kristen) yang dibuat oleh budak orang Afrika di Amerika Serikat.

Spiritual
Sumber aliran	karyya musik, himne Kristen
Sumber kebudayaan	Budak Afrika di A.S.
Alat musik yang biasa digunakan	Vocal
Bentuk turunan	Blues, musik injil

Terminologi dan asal mula

Istilah spiritual berasal dari musik spiritual. Efesus 5:19 berkata: "dan berkata-katalah seorang kepada yang lain dalam mazmur, kidung puji-pujian dan nyanyian rohani. Bernyanyi dan bersoraklah bagi Tuhan dengan segenap hati."

Lihat pula

• Sejarah perbudakan di Amerika Serikat
• Deep River Boys
• Musik keagamaan
• Musik Afrika-Amerika
• Musik injil

Bacaan tambahan

• William Eleazar Barton (1899/1972), Old Plantation Hymns: A Collection of Hitherto Unpublished Melodies of the Slave and the Freeman, with Historical and Descriptive Notes, reprint, New York: AMS Press.
• Marc A. Bauch: Extending the Canon: Thomas Wentworth Higginson and African-American Spirituals (Munich, Germany, 2013)
• Nash, Elizabeth (2007). "Autobiographical Reminiscences of African-American Classical Singers, 1853-Present". Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5250-8

Pranala luar

• The Spirituals Project
• Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals Diarsipkan 2009-05-11 di Wayback Machine.
• Fisk Jubilee Singers
• Marian Anderson: A Life in Song Diarsipkan 2002-12-20 di Wayback Machine.
• Historical Notes on African American melodies, including 75 Negro spirituals with downloadable arrangements for solo instrument
• Free Gospel scores Diarsipkan 2011-06-14 di Wayback Machine.

Contoh rekaman

• Listen to "Pharaoh's Army Got Drowned," artists unknown (765 KB)
• Gordon Collection; performed by unknown persons in the Bay Area of California in the early 1920s
• Download recording of "Deep Down in My Heart", from the Library of Congress' Gordon Collection; performed by W. M. Givens in Darien, Georgia, on about March 19, 1926