Proto-Indo-Eropa
Proto-Indo-Eropa adalah bangsa prasejarah Eurasia yang memakai bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa (PIE), leluhur dari rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa menurut rekonstruksi linguistik.
Pengetahuan mereka utamanya datang dari rekonstruksi tersebut, bersama dengan bukti materil dari arkeologi dan arkeogenetik. Bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa tampaknya hidup pada akhir zaman Neolitikum, atau sekitar milenium ke-4 SM. Para cendekiawan umum menempatkan mereka dalam zona stepa-hitam sampai utara ujung barat stepa Pontik-Kaspia di Eropa Timur. Beberapa arkeolog menentukan kedalaman waktu PIE sampai pertengahan Neolitikum (5500 sampai 4500 SM) atau bahkan Neolitikum awal (7500 sampai 5500 SM), dan mensugestikan hipotesis-hipotesis lokasi alternatif.
Pada awal milenium kedua SM, bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa mencapai wilayah terjauh dan terbesar di Eurasia, yang meliputi Anatolia (Hittites), Aegea (Yunani Mikenaea), Eropa Barat (budaya Corded Ware), tepi Asia Tengah (budaya Yamna), dan selatan Siberia (budaya Afanasevo).[1]
ReferensiSunting
- ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna). ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Diakses tanggal 24 March 2012.
SumberSunting
- Sumber cetak
- Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522: 207–211. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219
. PMID 25731166. - Jones, Eppie R. (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371 . PMID 26567969.
- Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513: 409–413. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574 . PMID 25230663.
- Lazaridis, Iosif (2016), The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers (PDF), bioRxiv.org
- Watkins, Calvert (2000), "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (edisi ke-4th), Houghton Mifflin Company, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 March 2009
- Sumber web
Bacaan tambahanSunting
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
- Atkinson, Q. D.; Nicholls, G.; Welch, D.; Gray, R. D. (2005). "From Words to Dates: Water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference?". Transactions of the Philological Society. 103 (2): 193–219.
- Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2000). "Genes, Peoples, and Languages". New York: North Point Press..
- Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin" (PDF). Nature. 426 (6965): 435–439. doi:10.1038/nature02029. PMID 14647380. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-08-30. Diakses tanggal 2021-04-04..
- Holm, Hans J. (2007): The new Arboretum of Indo-European "Trees". Can new Algorithms Reveal the Phylogeny and even Prehistory of IE? In: Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 14–2:167–214.
- Mallory, J.P. (1989). "In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth". London: Thames & Hudson..
- Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli Sforza, Luigi (12 – 15 April 2006). "Diffusion of Genes and Languages in Human Evolution". Dalam Cangelosi, Angelo; Smith, Andrew D M; Smith, Kenny. The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (EVOLANG6). Rome: World Scientific. hlm. 255–266. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-10. Diakses tanggal 8 August 2007. .
- Renfrew, Colin (1987). Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-02495-7
- Sykes, Brian. The seven daughters of Eve (London, Corgi Books 2001)
- Watkins, Calvert. (1995) How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wells, Spencer (2002). "The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey". Princeton University Press..
Pranala luarSunting
- Indo-European Roots Index di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal 22 January 2009) from The American Heritage Dictionary
- Kurgan culture Diarsipkan 2005-08-27 di Wayback Machine.
- Genetics