Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan

Perang Tiga Kerajaan
	; Raja Tiga Kerajaan: Charles I dalam Tiga Posisi karya Anthony van Dyck, dilukis pada 1633.
Tanggal	1639—1651; (12 tahun)
Lokasi	Britania Raya dan Irlandia
Hasil	Kemenangan Tentara Parlementer Inggris atas seluruh protagonis lainnya Eksekusi Raja Charles I; Pengasingan Charles II; Kekalahan Konfederasi Irlandia; Kekalahan Kekonvenan Skotlandia; Parlemen Inggris diturunkan menjadi Parlemen Rump; Pendirian Persemakmuran republikan;
Pihak terlibat
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Korban
50,000 Inggris dan Wales	34,000
	127,000 korban tewas Inggris dan Wales non-kombat (termasuk sekitar 40,000 warga sipil)

Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan^[a], yang terkadang dikenal sebagai Peperangan Saudara Britania^[b], membentuk serangkaian konflik yang terjadi di Inggris, Irlandia dan Skotlandia antara 1639 dan 1651. Perang Saudara Inggris telah menjadi konflik paling terkenal karena meliputi eksekusi raja kerajaan tersebut, Charles I, oleh Parlemen Inggris pada 1649.

Templat:Kotak Kampanye Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan

Peperangan tersebut meliputi Peperangan Uskup-uskup tahun 1639 dan 1640, Perang Saudara Skotlandia tahun 1644–45; Pemberontakan Irlandia 1641, Konfederasi Irlandia, 1642–49 dan Penaklukan Irlandia oleh Cromwellian pada 1649 (secara kolektif disebut Perang Sebelas Tahun atau Peperangan Konfederasi Irlandia); dan Peperangan Saudara Inggris Pertama, Kedua dan Ketiga masing-masing pada tahun 1642–46, 1648–49 dan 1650–51.

Catatan sunting

^ Ian Gentles, citing John Morrill, states, "there is no stable, agreed title for the events.... They have been variously labeled the Great Rebellion, the Puritan Revolution, the English Civil War, the English Revolution and most recently, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms." (Gentles 2007, hlm. 3)
^ Although the term Wars of the Three Kingdoms is not new, having been used by James Heath in his book A Brief Chronicle of all the Chief Actions so fatally Falling out in the three Kingdoms, first published in 1662,^[3] recent publications' tendency to name these linked conflicts the term represents a trend by modern historians aiming to take a unified overview rather than treating some of the conflicts as mere background to the English Civil War. Some, such as Carlton and Gaunt have labelled them the British Civil Wars.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Referensi sunting

^ ^a ^b "ENGLISH CIVIL WARS". History.com. Diakses tanggal 4 October 2014.
^ Second and third English Civil Wars, "While it is notoriously difficult to determine the number of casualties in any war, it has been estimated that the conflict in England and Wales claimed about 85,000 lives in combat, with a further 127,000 noncombat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)."
^ Raymond 2005, hlm. 281.
^ Carlton 1994.
^ Gaunt 1997.
^ Trevor Royle published his 2004 book under different titles. In the UK it was called Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms while in the US it was called The British Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660 (Royle 2004).

Daftar pustaka sunting

Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911), "Great Rebellion", dalam Chisholm, Hugh, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 (edisi ke-11), Cambridge University Press, hlm. 403–421
Carlton, Charles (1994) [1992], Going to the wars: the experience of the British civil wars, 1638–1651, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10391-6 .
Gentles, Ian (2007), "The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1652", dalam Scott, H. M.; Collins, B. W., Modern Wars in Perspective, Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman
Gaunt, Peter (1997), The British Wars 1637–1651, UK: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12966-4 . An 88-page pamphlet.
Jane, Lionel Cecil (1905), The coming of Parliament; England from 1350 to 1660, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons etc, hlm. 376–377
Raymond, Joad (2005), The invention of the newspaper: English newsbooks, 1641–1649, Oxford University Press, hlm. 281, ISBN 9780199282340
Royle, Trevor (2004), Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, UK: Little Brown, ISBN 0-316-86125-1 alternatively The British Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, ISBN 0-312-29293-7
Worden, Blair (1986), Stuart England (edisi ke-illustrated), Phaidon

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Kepulauan Britania sunting

Bennett, Martyn (1997). The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19154-2.
Bennett, Martyn (2000). The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–1661. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15901-6.
Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (1998). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866222-X.
Russell, Conrad (1991). The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637–1642. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822754-X.
Stevenson, David (1981). Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates: Scottish-Irish Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 0-901905-24-0.
Young, John R. (ed.) (1997). Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-452-4.

Inggris sunting

Aylmer, G. E. (1986). Rebellion or Revolution?: England, 1640–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-219179-9.
Hill, Christopher (1972). The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution. London: Temple Smith. ISBN 0-85117-025-0.
Morrill, John (ed.) (1991). The Impact of the English Civil War. London: Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-85585-042-7.
Woolrych, Austin (2000) [1961]. Battles of the English Civil War. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-175-8.
Worden, Blair (2009). The English Civil Wars: 1640–1660. London: W&N. ISBN 978-0297848882.

Irlandia sunting

Lenihan, Pádraig (2000). Confederate Catholics at War, 1641–1649. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 1-85918-244-5.
Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg (2002). Catholic Reformation in Ireland: The Mission of Rinuccini, 1645–1649. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820891-X.
Ó Siochrú, Micheál (1999). Confederate Ireland, 1642–1649: A Constitutional and Political Analysis. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-400-6.
Ó Siochrú, Micheál (ed.) (2001). Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-535-5.
Perceval-Maxwell, M. (1994). The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2173-9.
Wheeler, James Scott (1999). Cromwell in Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2884-9.

Skotlandia sunting

Stevenson, David (1973). The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644: The Triumph of the Covenanters. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-6302-6.
Stevenson, David (1980). Alasdair MacColla and the Highland Problem in the Seventeenth Century. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-055-3.

Pranala luar sunting

www.british-civil-wars.co.uk Diarsipkan 2017-06-29 di Wayback Machine. Extensive site on the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Chronology of The Wars of the Three Kingdoms Diarsipkan 2004-09-06 di Wayback Machine.
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms Diarsipkan 2011-05-14 di Wayback Machine. Article by Jane Ohlmeyer arguing that the English Civil War was just one of an interlocking set of conflicts that encompassed the British Isles in the mid-17th century
Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars at History Ireland
The English Context of the British Civil Wars (Link inaccessible as of 2008-03-02.) John Adamson argues that historians have exaggerated the importance of the Celtic countries in the events of the 1640s
Englishcivilwar.org News, comment and discussion about the English Civil War
The first Scottish Civil War Diarsipkan 2004-09-25 di Wayback Machine.
The Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian Occupation of Ireland
Ireland and the War of the Three Kingdoms Diarsipkan 2006-06-29 di Wayback Machine.
Civil War Diarsipkan 2004-08-04 di Wayback Machine.

[3] Ian Gentles, citing John Morrill, states, "there is no stable, agreed title for the events.... They have been variously labeled the Great Rebellion, the Puritan Revolution, the English Civil War, the English Revolution and most recently, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms." (Gentles 2007, hlm. 3)

[8] Although the term Wars of the Three Kingdoms is not new, having been used by James Heath in his book A Brief Chronicle of all the Chief Actions so fatally Falling out in the three Kingdoms, first published in 1662,^[3] recent publications' tendency to name these linked conflicts the term represents a trend by modern historians aiming to take a unified overview rather than treating some of the conflicts as mere background to the English Civil War. Some, such as Carlton and Gaunt have labelled them the British Civil Wars.^[4]^[5]^[6]

[Dope-1] "ENGLISH CIVIL WARS". History.com. Diakses tanggal 4 October 2014.

[2] Second and third English Civil Wars, "While it is notoriously difficult to determine the number of casualties in any war, it has been estimated that the conflict in England and Wales claimed about 85,000 lives in combat, with a further 127,000 noncombat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)."

[FOOTNOTERaymond2005281-4] Raymond 2005, hlm. 281.

[FOOTNOTECarlton1994-5] Carlton 1994.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt1997-6] Gaunt 1997.

[7] Trevor Royle published his 2004 book under different titles. In the UK it was called Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms while in the US it was called The British Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660 (Royle 2004).

[a]

[b]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]