Penemuan unsur kimia

Penemuan unsur kimia yang diketahui sekarang ditampilkan secara kronologis di sini. Unsur kimia yang ditampilkan umumnya berdasarkan urutan tiap-tiap unsur tersebut pertama kali dinyatakan sebagai unsur murni, karena tanggal persis penemuan sebagian besar unsur tidak dapat secara akurat ditentukan. Beberapa unsur-unsur pertama tidak memiliki catatan tertulis.

Masa purbakala sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu
Carbon	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Perak	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Tembaga	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Sulfur	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Timah	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Emas	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Timbal	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Besi	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui
Raksa	zaman dulu	Tidak diketahui

Abad ke-13 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Arsen	1250	Albertus Magnus dipercaya sebagai orang pertama yang memisahkan unsur ini.

Abad ke-15 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Antimon	1450	Pertama kali diuraikan secara ilmiah oleh Tholden
Bismut	Abad ke 15?	Mungkin telah dijelaskan dalam tulisan dikaitkan dengan Basil Valentinus, definitif diidentifikasi oleh Claude François Geoffroy pada 1753

Abad ke-16 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Zinc	1526	Diidentifikasi sebagai logam unik oleh Paracelsus

Abad ke-17 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Fosforus	1669	Ditemukan oleh Hening Brand, namun baru diuraikan oleh Robert Boyle

Abad ke-18 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Kobalt	1732	Georg Brandt
Platinum	ca. 1741	Ditemukan secara tepisah oleh Antonio de Ulloa (dipublikasikan tahun 1748) dan Charles Wood.	Sejak abad ke 16 telah diketahui di Amerika Selatan pada tambang biji emas.
Nikel	1751	Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Magnesium	1755	Joseph Black
Hidrogen	1766	Dipisahkan dan diuraikan oleh Henry Cavendish, namun baru diberi nama oleh Antoine Lavoisier
Oksigen	1771	Joseph Priestley Karena keyakinannya dalam phlogiston, Priestley tidak menyadari bahwa ia telah menyiapkan elemen baru, dan berpikir bahwa ia telah berhasil mempersiapkan udara bebas dari phlogiston ("de-phlogisticated udara").
Nitrogen	1772	Daniel Rutherford
Klor	1774	Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Mangan	1774	Johan Gottlieb Gahn
Molibdenum	1778	Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Telurium	1782	Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein
Wolfram	1783	Juan José Elhuyar dan Fausto Elhuyar
Uranium	1789	Martin Heinrich Klaproth	Dinamai Uranium setelah ditemukannya planet baru, Uranus.
Zirconium	1789	Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Wolfram	1793	Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Itrium	1794	Johan Gadolin
Titanium	1797	Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Kromium	1797	Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Beryllium	1798	Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

Abad ke-19 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Vanadium	1801	Andrés Manuel del Río
Niobium	1801	Charles Hatchett	Named columbium by discoverer.
Tantalum	1802	Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
Serium	1803	Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius dan Hisinger	Dinamakan setelah baru ditemukan [asteroid []], Ceres. Ditemukan hampir bersamaan di dua laboratorium, meskipun kemudian menunjukkan bahwa cerium Berzelius dan Hisinger itu sebenarnya merupakan campuran dari cerium, lantanum dan disebut didymium.
Rhodium	1803	William Hyde Wollaston
Palladium	1803	Ryan Lumadue	Dinamai setelah ditemukan asteroid terbaru, Pallas.
Osmium	1803	Smithson Tennant
Iridium	1803	Smithson Tennant
Potassium	1807	Humphry Davy	Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals.
Sodium	1807	Humphry Davy	Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals; discovered a few days after potassium, using the same method.
Calcium	1808	Humphry Davy	Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals.
Barium	1808	Humphry Davy	Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals.
Boron	1808	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac & Louis-Jacques Thenard
Yodium	1811	Bernard Courtois
Lithium	1817	Johan August Arfwedson
Cadmium	1817	Friedrich Strohmeyer Independently discovered by K.S.L Hermann
Selenium	1817	Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Silicon	1823	Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Aluminium	1825	Hans Christian Ørsted	May have been isolated in Roman times, see History of Aluminium.
Brom	1826	Antoine Jérôme Balard
Thorium	1828	Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Beryllium	1828	Friedrich Wöhler. Independently discovered by A.A.B. Bussy
Lantanum	1839-41	Carl Gustaf Mosander	Discovered when Mosander showed that the cerium isolated in 1803 by Berzelius was actually a mixture of cerium, lanthanum and so-called didymium.
Terbium	1843	Carl Gustaf Mosander
Erbium	1843	Carl Gustaf Mosander
Rutenium	1844	Karl Klaus
Caesium	1860	Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff	First identified by its blue spectroscopic emission line.
Rubidium	1860	Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff	First identified by its red spectroscopic emission line.
Talium	1861	Sir William Crookes	First identified by its bright green spectroscopic emission line.
Indium	1863	Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter	First identified by its indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line.
Helium	1868	Independently by Pierre Jansen and Norman Lockyer	First identified by astronomers as an emission line in the spectrum of the sun.
Galium	1875	Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran	Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekaaluminium.
Ytterbium	1878	Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Thulium	1879	Per Teodor Cleve
Skandium	1879	Lars Fredrik Nilson	Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekaboron.
Holmium	1879	Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret and Per Teodor Cleve
Samarium	1879	Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Gadolinium	1880	Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Praseodymium	1885	Carl Auer von Welsbach	The didymium isolated by Mosander in 1839 was shown to be two separate elements; praseodymium and neodymium.
Neodimium	1885	Carl Auer von Welsbach	The didymium isolated by Mosander in 1839 was shown to be two separate elements, praseodymium and neodymium.
Dysprosium	1886	Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Germanium	1886	Clemens Winkler	Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon.
Fluor	1886	Joseph Henri Moissan
Argon	1894	Lord Rayleigh & Sir William Ramsay	Discovered by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means.
Neon	1898	Sir William Ramsay	Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
Kripton	1898	Sir William Ramsay	Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
Xenon	1898	Sir William Ramsay	Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
Radium	1898	Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Polonium	1898	Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Radon	1898	Friedrich Ernst Dorn, who called it nitron	Discovered as a product of the radioactive decay of radium.
Actinium	1899	Ryan Lumadue

Abad ke-20 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu	Catatan
Europium	1901	Eugene Demarcay
Lutesium	1907	Georges Urbain
Protactinium	1917	Kasimir Fajans, O. Göhring, Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn
Hafnium	1923	Dirk Coster and György Hevesy
Renium	1925	Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke
Teknesium	1937	Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè	First synthetic element discovered. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekamanganese.
Fransium	1939	Marguerite Derey	Last naturally occurring element discovered; all elements discovered after it are synthetic.
Astatin	1940	Dale R. Corson, K.R.Mackenzie, Emilio Segrè	Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule qunatitites (<25 grams in earth's crust).
Neptunium	1940	E.M. McMillan & Philip H. Abelson, University of California, Berkeley	First transuranium element discovered.
Plutonium	1941	Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Emilio Segrè
Curium	1944	Glenn T. Seaborg
Americium	1944	Glenn T. Seaborg
Promethium	1945	Jacob A. Marinsky
Berkelium	1949	Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr.
Californium	1950	Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr.
Einsteinium	1952	Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California
Fermium	1953	Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California
Mendelevium	1955	Glenn T. Seaborg, Evans G. Valens
Nobelium	1958	Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. Walton and Torbørn Sikkeland
Lawrencium	1961	Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert M. Latimer
Rutherfordium	1964	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR
Dubnium	1970	Albert Ghiorso
Seaborgium	1974	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and University of California, Berkeley
Bohrium	1976	Y. Oganessian et al, Dubna and confirmed at GSI (1982)
Meitnerium	1982	Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg, GSI
Hassium	1984	Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg
Darmstadtium	1994	S. Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI
Roentgenium	1994	S. Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI
Ununbium	1996	S. Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI
Ununquadium	1999	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna^[1]

Abad ke-21 sunting

Nama	Tanggal	Penemu
Ununhexium	2001	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research di Dubna^[2]
Ununtrium	2004	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research di Dubna dan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory^[3]
Ununpentium	2004	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research di Dubna dan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory^[3]
Ununoctium	2006	Joint Institute for Nuclear Research di Dubna dan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory^[4]

Lihat pula sunting

Tabel periodik

Rujukan sunting

^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu Reaction". Physical Review Letters. 83: 3154. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.
^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2000). "Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116". Physical Review C. 63: 011301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
^ ^a ^b Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2005). "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction ²⁴³Am + ⁴⁸Ca". Physical Review C. 72: 034611. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611.
^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and 245^Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74: 044602. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602.

[1] Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu Reaction". Physical Review Letters. 83: 3154. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.

[2] Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2000). "Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116". Physical Review C. 63: 011301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.

[113+115-3] Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2005). "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction ²⁴³Am + ⁴⁸Ca". Physical Review C. 72: 034611. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611.

[4] Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and 245^Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74: 044602. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602.

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