Pendudukan negara-negara Baltik
Pendudukan negara-negara Baltik adalah pendudukan militer dari tiga negara Baltik—Estonia, Latvia dan Lithuania—oleh Uni Soviet di bawah naungan Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop pada 14 Juni 1940[1][2] disusul oleh pemasukan mereka dalam USSR sebagai republik konstituen, yang tak diakui oleh kebanyakan kekuatan Barat.[3][4] Pada 22 Juni 1941, Jerman Nazi menyerang USSR dan selama berpekan-pekan menduduki kawasan Baltik. Pada Juli 1941, kawasan Baltik dimasukkan ke Reichskommissariat Ostland dari Reich Ketiga. Akibat Serangan Baltik tahun 1944, Uni Soviet mencaplok kembali sebagian besar negara Baltik dan menjebak sisa-sisa pasukan Jerman di kantung Courland sampai mereka secara resmi menyerah pada Mei 1945.[5] "pendudukan aneksasi" Soviet (Annexionsbesetzung atau pendudukan sui generis)[6] terhadap negara-negara Baltik berlangsung sampai Agustus 1991, saat negara-negara Baltik meraih kemerdekaan.
Referensi sunting
Kutipan sunting
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1993). Estonia: return to independence. Westview Press. hlm. 58. ISBN 978-0-8133-1199-9.
- ^ Ziemele, Ineta (2003). "State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?". Baltic Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff. 3: 165–190. doi:10.1163/221158903x00072.
- ^ Kaplan, Robert B.; Jr, Richard B. Baldauf (2008-01-01). Language Planning and Policy in Europe: The Baltic States, Ireland and Italy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Multilingual Matters. hlm. 79. ISBN 9781847690289.
Most Western countries had not recognised the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, a stance that irritated the Soviets without ever becoming a major point of conflict.
- ^ Kavass, Igor I. (1972). Baltic States. W. S. Hein.
The forcible military occupation and subsequent annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union remains to this day (written in 1972) one of the serious unsolved issues of international law
- ^ Davies, Norman (2001). Dear, Ian, ed. The Oxford companion to World War II. Michael Richard Daniell Foot. Oxford University Press. hlm. 85. ISBN 978-0-19-860446-4.
- ^ Mälksoo (2003), p. 193.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Aust, Anthony (2005). Handbook of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53034-7.
- Brecher, Michael; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. hlm. 596. ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.
- Frucht, Richard (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 132. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.
- Hiden, Johan; Salmon, Patrick (1994) [1991]. The Baltic Nations and Europe (edisi ke-Revised). Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 0-582-25650-X.
- Hiden, John (2008). Vahur Made; David J. Smith, ed. The Baltic question during the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-37100-7.
- Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. M. Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-2177-3.
- Marek, Krystyna (1968) [1954]. Identity and continuity of states in public international law (edisi ke-2). Geneva, Switzerland: Libr. Droz.
- McHugh, James; James S. Pacy (2001). Diplomats without a country: Baltic diplomacy, international law, and the Cold War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-31878-6.
- Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1993). The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940–1990. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08228-1.
- O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The History of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 113–145. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3.
- Petrov, Pavel (2008). Punalipuline Balti Laevastik ja Eesti 1939–1941 (dalam bahasa Estonian). Tänapäev. ISBN 978-9985-62-631-3.
- Plakans, Andrejs (2007). Experiencing Totalitarianism: The Invasion and Occupation of Latvia by the USSR and Nazi Germany 1939–1991. AuthorHouse. hlm. 596. ISBN 978-1-4343-1573-1.
- Rislakki, Jukka (2008). The Case for Latvia. Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2424-3.
- Talmon, Stefan (1998). Recognition of governments in international law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826573-3.
- Tsygankov, Andrei P. (May 2009). Russophobia (edisi ke-1st). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61418-5.
- Wyman, David; Charles H. Rosenzveig (1996). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. JHU Press. hlm. 365–381. ISBN 978-0-8018-4969-5.
- Ziemele, Ineta (2005). State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-14295-9.
Bacaan tambahan sunting
- Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. – Full text, English
- The Global Museum on Communism Diarsipkan 2010-12-11 di Wayback Machine. about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
- The Occupation museum of Latvia Diarsipkan 2007-01-18 di Wayback Machine.
- GULAG 113 Diarsipkan 2019-02-27 di Wayback Machine. – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
- Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
- Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955-1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.
Artikel akademik dan media sunting
- Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law Diarsipkan 2020-03-27 di Wayback Machine.. Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
- Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
- Alfred Erich Senn Diarsipkan 2008-02-03 di Wayback Machine. What Happened in Lithuania in 1940? Diarsipkan 2007-07-05 di Wayback Machine.(PDF)
- The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
- The Steel Curtain Diarsipkan 2009-08-26 di Wayback Machine., TIME Magazine, April 14, 1947
- The Iron Heel Diarsipkan 2009-01-14 di Wayback Machine., TIME Magazine, December 14, 1953