Mesin kepung puntiran

Mesin kepung puntiran adalah sebuah jenis artileri yang memakai puntiran untuk meluncurkan proyektil-proyektil. Alat tersebut awalnya dikembangkan oleh Yunani kuno, khususnya Philip II dari Makedonia dan Alexander Agung, dan dipakai pada Abad Pertengahan sampai pengembangan artileri bubuk meriam pada abad ke-14.

Sketsa dari sebuah onager, sebuah jenis dari mesin kepung puntiran

Catatan sunting

Daftar pustaka sunting

Sumber primer
  • Humphrey, J.W., J.P. Olson, and A.N. Sherwood. Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
  • Philon of Byzantium. Philons Belopoiika (viertes Buch der Mechanik). Berlin: Verlag der Aakademie der Wissenschaften, 1919.
  • Vitruvius. On Architecture. Edited and translated by Bill Thayer. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html [1].
Sumber sekunder
  • Baatz, Dietwulf. “Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery.” Britannia, 9 (1978): 1-17.
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. “Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance.” The Journal of Military History, 58 #1 (January 1994): 119-133.
  • Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1992.
  • Chevedden, Paul E. “Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages,” in The Medieval City under Siege, edited by Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe, pp. 131–176. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1995.
  • Cuomo, Serafina. “The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults.” Science, New Series, 303 #5659 (February 6, 2004): 771-772.
  • DeVries, Kelly. Medieval Military Technology. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1992.
  • DeVries, Kelly & Robert D. Smith. Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2007.
  • Dufour, Guillaume. Mémoire sur l’artillerie des anciens et sur celle de Moyen Âge. Paris: Ab. Cherbuliez et Ce,1840).
  • Gravett, Christophers. Medieval Siege Warfare. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, 1990, 2003.
  • Hacker, Barton C. “Greek Catapults and Catapult Technology: Science, Technology, and War in the Ancient World.” Technology and Culture, 9 #1 (January 1968): 34-50.
  • Huuri, Kalervo. “Zur Geschicte de mitterlalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen,” in Societas Orientalia Fennica, Studia Orientalia 9.3 (1941): pp. 50–220.
  • Johnson, Stephen. Late Roman Fortifications. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
  • Köhler, G. Die Entwickelung des Kriegwesens und der Kriegfürung in der Ritterseit von Mitte des II. Jahrhundert bis du Hussitenkriegen, Vol. 3. Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1890.
  • Landels, J.G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
  • Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
  • Nicholson, Helen. Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300-1500. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  • Nossov, Konstantin. Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons: A Fully Illustrated Guide to Siege Weapons and Tactics. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2005.
  • Reinschmidt, Kenneth F. “Catapults of Yore.” Science, New Series, 304 #5675 (May 28, 2004): 1247.
  • Rihill, Tracey. The Catapult: A History. Yardley, PA: Wesholme Publishing, LLC, 2007.
  • Rihill, Tracey. “On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes.” The Annual of the British School at Athens, 101 (2006): 379-383.
  • Rogers, Randall. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Roland, Alex. “Science, Technology, and War.” Technology and Culture, 36 #2, Supplement: Snapshots of a Discipline: Selected Proceedings from the Conference on Critical Problems and Research Frontiers in the History of Technology, Madison, Wisconsin, October 30-November 3, 1991 (April 1995): S83-100.
  • Schneider, Rudolf. Die Artillerie des Mittelalters. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1910.
  • Tarver, W.T.S. “The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine.” Technology and Culture, 36 #1 (January 1995): 136-167.
  • Thompson, E.A. “Early Germanic Warfare.” Past and Present, 14 (November 1958): 2-29.

Pranala luar sunting

Ammianus Marcellinus
  • [2] On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin)
  • [3] On Military Matters (De Gestae, English)
  • [4] On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin & English)
Athenaeus Mechanicus
  • [5] Diarsipkan 2014-02-22 di Wayback Machine. On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & English)
  • [6] On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & Latin, partial text)
De rebus bellicis
Heron dari Alexandria
Filon dari Bizantium
  • [9] On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek & German)
Procopius
  • [10] The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
  • [11] The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
  • [12][13][14] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
  • [15] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
  • [16] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
Vegetius
  • [17] On Military Matters (De Re Militari, Latin)
  • [18] On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)
  • [19] Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)
Vitruvius
  • [20] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin & English)
  • [21] On Architecture (De Architectura, English)
  • [22] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)
  • [23] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)