Kebudayaan Yaz
Kebudayaan Yaz (dinamai menurut situs kebudayaan arkeologi Yaz-Tappe, Yaz Tepe, atau Yaz Depe, dekat Baýramaly, Turkmenistan)[1] adalah kebudayaan Zaman Besi di Margiana, Baktria, dan Sogdia (kira-kira pada tahun 1500–500 BC,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] atau 1500–330 BC[9]). Kebudayaan itu muncul setelah kebudayaan arkeologi Zaman Perunggu (Baktria-Margiana), kadang-kadang sebagai menara batu dan rumah yang cukup besar yang terkait dengan sistem irigasi. Keramik sebagian besar buatan tangan, tetapi ada peningkatan teknologi roda tembikar. Di antara artefak-artefak lainnya, ditemukan juga mata panah dari perunggu atau besi, juga sabit besi atau pisau karpet.[10][11][12]
Dengan benteng pertanian, metalurgi dan keramik yang diturunkan dari stepa, dan tidak adanya penguburan, kebudayaan itu telah dianggap sebagai refleksi arkeologis dari kebudayaan Iran Timur awal seperti yang dijelaskan dalam kitab Avesta.[13][14] Sejauh ini, tidak ada penguburan yang terkait dengan budaya yang ditemukan, dan ini dianggap sebagai bukti yang mungkin dari ritual keagamaan Zoroastrianisme atau penguburan langit.[2][15][16][17]
UNESCO sunting
Beberapa situs yang memiliki lapisan budaya Yaz seperti Yaz Depe, Takhirbaj Depe, Taip, Gonur, Togoluk termasuk dalam Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO didaftarkan dengan nama "Taman Sejarah dan Budaya Negara Merv" (1999).[18][19]
Lihat pula sunting
Referensi sunting
Catatan kaki sunting
- ^ "Yaz Tepe". Brill Reference. Koninklijke Brill NV. Diakses tanggal 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b Parpola 1995, hlm. 372.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, hlm. 653.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, hlm. 416–417, 426–428, 431, 157, 449–450:V. Sarianidi and G. Gutlyev in the 1970s and 1980s suggested a date at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Elena Efimovna Kuzmina considered that some Yaz I sites belonged to the 10th-9th centuries BC, while the cultural synthesis at the border of the 2nd/1st millennium BC, circa 1000–800 BC. Vasily Abaev considered the nomads to be related to the Scythians or Saka, which relates to the Yasht 13.143 "the territory of Arya... Turya, Sairima, Daha".
- ^ Buławka 2009–2010, hlm. 121.
- ^ Raffaele Biscione; Ali Vahdati (2012). "The Iranian-Italian archaeological mission: Season 2012: The identification of cultural areas" (PDF). Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzari. 54: 358.
- ^ Boroffka & Sverchkov 2013, hlm. 49.
- ^ Parpola 2015, hlm. 298.
- ^ Lhuillier, Johanna, (2018). "Central Asia During the Achaemenid Period in Archaeological Perspective", in Sébastien Gondet and Ernie Haerinck (eds.), Acta Iranica 58, L'Orient Est Son Jardin, Hommage á Rémy Boucharlat, Peeters, Leuven, Paris, Bristol, p. 258.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, hlm. 653–654.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, hlm. 430.
- ^ Khlopina 2015, hlm. 55.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, hlm. 310–311.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, hlm. 444.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, hlm. 311.
- ^ Bendezu-Sarmiento & Lhuillier 2013, hlm. 282.
- ^ Parpola 2015, hlm. 103, 106, 298.
- ^ "State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv"" (PDF). UNESCO. 4 December 1999. Diakses tanggal 1 October 2016.
- ^ "UNESCO Representative visits ancient city of Merv". UNESCO. 21 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 1 October 2016.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Diakonoff, Igor M. (1985), "Media", dalam Ilya Gershevitch, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2
- Parpola, Asko (1995), "The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: Textual-linguistic and archaeological evidence", dalam George Erdosy, The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9781884964985
- Askarov, A. (1999), "The beginning of the Iron Age in Transoxiana", dalam Ahmad Hasan Dani; Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1407-3
- C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (2005), "Archaeology and Language: The Case of the Indo-Iranians", dalam Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton, The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6
- Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005), "The cultural counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan: Matching the dispersal and contact patterns in the linguistic and archaeological record", dalam Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton, The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6
- Kuzmina, Elena E. (2007), J.P. Mallory, ed., The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-474-2071-2
- Kuzmina, E. E. (2008), Victor H. Mair, ed., The Prehistory of the Silk Road, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-4041-2
- Parpola, Asko (2012), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", dalam Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs, Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-85586-5
- Buławka, Nazar (2009–2010), "Decorative motifs of the Early Iron Age (Yaz I) pottery in southern Turkmenistan", Światowit, Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, VIII (XLIX)/A
- Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Lhuillier, Johanna (2013), "Sine Sepulchro cultural complex of Transoxiana(between 1500 and the middle of the 1st Millennium BCE). Funerary Practices of the Iron Age in Southern Central Asia: Recent Work, old Data, and new Hypotheses", AMIT (45)
- Boroffka, Nikolaus G. O.; Sverchkov, Leonid M. (2013), "The Jaz II and III period pottery. Classification and chronology viewed from Bandykhan, Southern Uzbekistan", dalam Marcin Wagner, Pottery chronology of the Early Iron Age in Central Asia, Kazimierz Michałowski Foundation, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, hlm. 49–74
- Buławka, Nazarij; Kaim, Barbara (2015), "The Iron Age in Serakhs Oasis (Turkmenistan). The Preliminary Results of the Application of Geographic Information System in the Study of the Settlement Pattern of the Earliest Confirmed Occupation of the Oasis", Keep The Revolution Going. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Oxford: Archaeopress, ISBN ((978-1-784-91338-9)) Periksa nilai: invalid character
|isbn=(bantuan) - Khlopina, K. I. (2015), "Namazga-depe and the Late Bronze Age of Southern Turkmenia", dalam Philip L. Kohl, The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-28225-9
- Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-022691-6