Kapitalisme kroni

Kapitalisme kroni adalah istilah untuk menyebut ekonomi yang kesuksesan bisnisnya bergantung pada hubungan dekat antara pebisnis dengan pejabat pemerintah. Kapitalisme kroni dapat diamati dari tindakan pilih-pilih saat mengeluarkan izin operasi, kontrak pemerintah, potongan pajak khusus, dan intervensi pemerintah lainnya.^[1]^[2] Kapitalisme kroni diyakini terbentuk ketika kroniisme bisnis dan perilaku melayani diri sendiri oleh bisnis atau pebisnis merambah dunia politik dan pemerintah,^[3] atau ketika ikatan pertemanan dan keluarga yang melayani diri sendiri antara pebisnis dan pemerintah memengaruhi ekonomi dan masyarakat sampai-sampai melemahkan ekonomi dan politik yang melayani masyarakat.

Istilah "kapitalisme kroni" mulai mencuat ke publik setelah dinyatakan sebagai salah satu penyebab krisis keuangan Asia.^[4] Istilah ini juga dipakai untuk menyebut keputusan pemerintah yang cenderung membantu "kroni" pejabat pemerintah. Dalam konteks ini, istilah tersebut sering dipakai bersama kesejahteraan perusahaan. Perbedaannya adalah sejauh mana keputusan pemerintah menguntungkan individu alih-alih seluruh sektor industri.

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

Vernon, Raymond (1989), "Technological Development", EDI Seminar Paper, 39, ISBN 978-0821311622

Catatan kaki sunting

^ Helen Hughes (Spring 1999). "Crony Capitalism and the East Asian Currency and Financial 'Crises'". Policy [1]. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-15. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-22. Japan’s dismal performance in the 1990s and the East Asian collapses of 1997 indicate that dirigisme can only boost economies in the short run and at high cost. It breaks down in the long run (Lindsey and Lukas 1998). Hapus pranala luar di parameter |magazine= (bantuan)
^ Kristof, Nicholas (March 27, 2014). "A Nation of Takers?". New York Times. Diakses tanggal March 27, 2014.
^ The Discovery that Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism, by McCormick, Richard. 1981. The American Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 247-274.
^ Kang, David C. (2002). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00408-4. Focused only on explaining successful outcomes, the conventional model provided no analytic way to explain the 1997 crisis. Countries previously regarded as miracles now were nothing more than havens for crony capitalists (p.3)

Bacaan lanjutan sunting

Wei, Shang-Jin (2001). "Domestic Crony Capitalism and International Fickle Capital: Is There a Connection?". International Finance. 4: 15–45. doi:10.1111/1468-2362.00064.
Kang, David C. (2003). "Transaction Costs and Crony Capitalism in East Asia". Comparative Politics. 35 (4): 439–58. doi:10.2307/4150189. JSTOR 4150189.
Ip, Po-Keung (2007). "Corporate Social Responsibility and Crony Capitalism in Taiwan". Journal of Business Ethics. 79: 167–77. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9385-5.
Hughes, Sallie; Lawson, Chappell H. (2004). "Propaganda and Crony Capitalism: Partisan Bias in Mexican Television News". Latin American Research Review. 39 (3): 81–105. doi:10.1353/lar.2004.0050. JSTOR 1555469.
Shah, Ajay (7 September 2012). "Indian capitalism is not doomed". Ajay Shah's Blog.
Singh, Ajit; Zammit, Ann (2006). "Corporate Governance, Crony Capitalism and Economic Crises: Should the US business model replace the Asian way of 'doing business'?". Corporate Governance: an International Review. 14 (4): 220–33. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2006.00504.x.
Johnson, Chalmers (1998). "Economic crisis in East Asia: The clash of capitalisms". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 22 (6): 653–61. doi:10.1093/cje/22.6.653.
Peev, Evgeni (2002). "Ownership and Control Structures in Transition to 'Crony' Capitalism: The Case of Bulgaria". Eastern European Economics. 40 (5): 73–91. JSTOR 4380313. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-28. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-22.
Enderwick, Peter (2005). "What's Bad About Crony Capitalism?". Asian Business & Management. 4 (2): 117–32. doi:10.1057/palgrave.abm.9200126.
Rosas, Guillermo (2006). "Bagehot or Bailout? An Analysis of Government Responses to Banking Crises". American Journal of Political Science. 50: 175–91. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00177.x. JSTOR 3694264.
Kahn, J. S.; Formosa, F. (2002). "The Problem of 'Crony Capitalism': Modernity and the Encounter with the Perverse". Thesis Eleven. 69: 47–66. doi:10.1177/0725513602069001004.
Davis, Gerald F. (2003). "American cronyism: How executive networks inflated the corporate bubble". Contexts. 2 (3): 34–40. doi:10.1525/ctx.2003.2.3.34.
Vaugirard, Victor (2005). "Crony Capitalism and Sovereign Default". Open Economies Review. 16: 77–99. doi:10.1007/s11079-005-5333-0.
James, Harold (2008). "Family Values or Crony Capitalism?". Capitalism and Society. 3. doi:10.2202/1932-0213.1031.
Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W K; Begley, Thomas M (2005). "Cronyism: A cross-cultural analysis". Journal of International Business Studies. 37: 61–75. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400171. JSTOR 3875215.
Khatri, Naresh (2013). Anatomy of Indian Brand of Crony Capitalism. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2335201.
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19626/1/WP0802.pdf

Pranala luar sunting

[1] Helen Hughes (Spring 1999). "Crony Capitalism and the East Asian Currency and Financial 'Crises'". Policy [1]. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-15. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-22. Japan’s dismal performance in the 1990s and the East Asian collapses of 1997 indicate that dirigisme can only boost economies in the short run and at high cost. It breaks down in the long run (Lindsey and Lukas 1998). Hapus pranala luar di parameter |magazine= (bantuan)

[NYT-20140327-2] Kristof, Nicholas (March 27, 2014). "A Nation of Takers?". New York Times. Diakses tanggal March 27, 2014.

[The_Discovery_that_Business_Corrupts_Politics:_A_Reappraisal_of_the_Origins_of_Progressivism,_1981-3] The Discovery that Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism, by McCormick, Richard. 1981. The American Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 247-274.

[4] Kang, David C. (2002). Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00408-4. Focused only on explaining successful outcomes, the conventional model provided no analytic way to explain the 1997 crisis. Countries previously regarded as miracles now were nothing more than havens for crony capitalists (p.3)

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