Teori pilihan rasional
'Teori pilihan rasional, kadang disebut teori pilihan atau teori tindakan rasional, adalah kerangka pemikiran untuk memahami dan merancang model perilaku sosial dan ekonomi.[1] Asumsi dasar teori pilihan rasional adalah seluruh perilaku sosial disebabkan oleh perilaku individu yang masing-masing membuat keputusannya sendiri. Teori ini berfokus pada penentu pilihan individu (individualisme metodologis).
Teori pilihan rasional juga berasumsi bahwa seseorang memiliki preferensi di antara beberapa pilihan alternatif yang memungkinkan orang tersebut menyatakan pilihan yang diinginkannya. Preferensi tersebut dianggap lengkap (orang tersebut selalu dapat menentukan alternatif yang mereka inginkan atau tak ada alternatif yang diinginkan) dan transitif (apabila pilihan A lebih diinginkan daripada pilihan B dan pilihan B lebih diinginkan daripada pilihan C, maka A lebih diinginkan daripada C). Agen rasional kemudian mempertimbangkan informasi yang ada, kemungkinan peristiwa, dan potensi biaya dan keuntungan dari menentukan pilihan, dan bertindak konsisten dalam memilih tindakan terbaik.
Rasionalitas sering dijadikan asumsi perilaku individu dalam model dan analisis ekonomi mikro dan muncul di hampir semua penjelasan pembuatan keputusan manusia yang ada di buku pelajaran ekonomi. Rasionalitas juga penting bagi ilmu politik modern,[2] sosiologi,[3] dan filsafat. Versi turunan dari rasionalitas adalah rasionalitas instrumental yang meliputi pencarian cara paling hemat biaya untuk meraih tujuan tertentu tanpa melihat berharga atau tidaknya tujuan tersebut. Gary Becker adalah salah satu pendukung penerapan model perilaku rasional secara luas.[4] Becker dianugerahi Hadiah Nobel Ekonomi tahun 1992 atas penelitiannya tentang diskriminasi, kejahatan, dan modal manusia.[5]
Lihat pula sunting
Catatan kaki sunting
- ^ • Lawrence E. Blume and David Easley (2008). "rationality," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract." by Abstract] & pre-publication copy.
• Amartya Sen (2008). "rational behaviour," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. - ^ Susanne Lohmann (2008). "rational choice and political science,"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.Abstract.
- ^ Peter Hedström and Charlotta Stern (2008). "rational choice and sociology," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
- ^ Gary S. Becker (1976). The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
- ^ Nobel Prize Committee press release
Referensi sunting
- Abella, Alex (2008). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. New York: Harcourt.
- Allingham, Michael (2002). Choice Theory: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-280303-0.
- Anand, P. (1993)."Foundations of Rational Choice Under Risk", Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Amadae, S.M.(2003). Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Arrow, Kenneth J. ([1987] 1989). "Economic Theory and the Hypothesis of Rationality," in The New Palgrave: Utility and Probability, pp. 25-39.
- Bicchieri, Cristina (1993). Rationality and Coordination. Cambridge University Press
- Bicchieri, Cristina (2003). “Rationality and Game Theory”, in The Handbook of Rationality, The Oxford Reference Library of Philosophy, Oxford University Press.
- Downs, Anthony (1957). "An Economic Theory of Democracy." Harper.
- Coleman, James S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory
- Dixon, Huw (2001), Surfing Economics, Pearson. Especially chapters 7 and 8
- Elster, Jon (1979). Ulysses and the Sirens, Cambridge University Press.
- Elster, Jon (1989). Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press.
- Elster, Jon (2007). Explaining Social Behavior - more Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press.
- Fernandez-Huerga (2008.) The Economic Behavior of Human Beings: The Institutionalist//Post-Keynesian Model" Journal of Economic Issues. vol. 42 no. 3, September.
- Schram, Sanford F. and Brian Caterino, eds. (2006). Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method. New York and London: New York University Press.
- Walsh, Vivian (1996). Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction, Oxford. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
- Martin Hollis and Edward J. Nell (1975) Rational Economic Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Foley, D. K. (1989) Ideology and Methodology. An unpublished lecture to Berkeley graduate students in 1989 discussing personal and collective survival strategies for non-mainstream economists.
- Foley, D.K. (1998). Introduction (chapter 1) in Peter S. Albin, Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Foley, D. K. (2003) Rationality and Ideology in Economics. lecture in the World Political Economy course at the Graduate Faculty of New School UM, New School.
- Boland, L. (1982) The Foundations of Economic Method. London: George Allen & Unwin
- Edward J. Nell and Errouaki, K. (2011) Rational Econometric Man. Cheltenham: E. Elgar.
- Pierre Bourdieu (2005) The Social Structures of the Economy, Polity 2005
- Calhoun, C. et al. (1992) "Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives." University of Chicago Press.
- Grenfell, M (2011) "Bourdieu, Language and Linguistics" London, Continuum.
- Grenfell, M. (ed) (2008) "Pierre Bourdieu: Key concepts" London, Acumen Press
Pranala luar sunting
- Rational Choice Theory at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Rational Choice Theory - Article by John Scott Diarsipkan 2009-02-27 di Wayback Machine.
- The New Nostradamus Diarsipkan 2009-05-30 di Wayback Machine. - on the use by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita of rational choice theory in political forecasting
- To See The Future, Use The Logic Of Self-Interest - NPR audio clip