Tanggung jawab melindungi

Tanggung jawab melindungi (Inggris: Responsibility to protect; disingkat R2P atau RtoP) adalah norma yang menyatakan bahwa kedaulatan bukan hak mutlak dan negara kehilangan sebagian kedaulatannya apabila negara gagal melindungi penduduknya dari kejahatan dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia massal (genosida, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, kejahatan perang, dan pembersihan etnis). R2P memiliki tiga pilar:

1. Sebuah negara bertanggung jawab melindungi penduduknya dari genosida, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, kejahatan perang, dan pembersihan etnis.
2. Masyarakat internasional bertanggun jawab membantu negara memenuhi tanggung jawab utamanya.
3. Apabila negara gagal melindungi warganya dari empat tindak kekerasan di atas dan gagal menegakkan perdamaian, masyarakat internasional bertanggung jawab untuk campur tangan lewat tindakan koersif seperti sanksi militer. Intervensi militer dianggap sebagai pilihan terakhir. resort.

Presiden Barack Obama berpidato tentang intervensi militer di Libya di National Defense University.

Meski R2P adalah norma yang diusulkan, bukan hukum, para pendukungnya menegaskan bahwa R2P didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional, terutama prinsip terkait kedaulatan, perdamaian dan keamanan, hak asasi manusia, dan konflik bersenjata.

R2P menciptakan kerangka kerja untuk memanfaatkan jalan yang sudah tersedia (i.e., mediasi, peringatan awal, sanksi militer, dan kuasa bab VII) untuk mencegah tindak kekerasan massal. Organisasi masyarakat sipil, negara, organisasi regional, dan lembaga internasional turut berperan dalam proses R2P. Kewenangan pilihan terakhir dan keputusan intervensi militer dipegang oleh Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (DK PBB).

Lihat pula

• Keamanan manusia
• Deklarasi Tugas dan Tanggung Jawab Manusia
• Non-intervensi
• Keamanan kolektif
• Garis Mogadishu
• Tanggung jawab melindungi di Cina
• Dewan Perdamaian dan Keamanan
• Pasukan Siaga Afrika
• Komunitas Ekonomi Negara-negara Afrika Barat (ECOWAS)
• Panel of the Wise
• The Will to Intervene (W2I) Project
• Kedaulatan Westfalen

Bacaan lanjutan

• Orford, Anne. International Authority and Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge University Press. 2011.
• Global Responsibility to Protect Diarsipkan 2014-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
• Judson, A. M. Where is R2P grounded in international law, Otago University, 2012.
• Baylis and Smith, The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 394
• Deng, Francis, Rothchild, Donald, et al. "Sovereignty as Responsibility Conflict Management in Africa". (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, September 1996). c. 290pp.
• Downes, Paul. Melville's Benito Cereno and Humanitarian Intervention South Atlantic Quarterly. 103.2–3. Spring/Summer 2004, pp. 465–488.
• Evans, Gareth. The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All. (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, September 2008)
• Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. "The Responsibility to Protect" Foreign Affairs. November/December 2002.
• Hehir, Aidan. "The Responsibility to Protect: Sound and Fury Signifying Nothing?" International Relations. 24/2 2010.
• Gallagher, Adrian. 'A Clash of Responsibilities: Engaging with Realist Critiques of the R2P', Global Responsibility to Protect, vol. 4, no. 3, 2012, 334–357.
• Köchler, Hans, Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of Modern Power Politics. Is the Revival of the Doctrine of "Just War" Compatible with the International Rule of Law? (Studies in International Relations, XXVI.) Vienna: International Progress Organization, 2001.
• Axworthy, Lloyd and Allan Rock (2009) “R2P: A New and Unfinished Agenda.” Global Responsibility to Protect 1(1): 54-69.
• Bellamy, Alex J. 2006. ‘Whither the Responsibility to Protect: Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit’. Ethics and International Affairs 20(2): 143-177.
• Bellamy, A. J. 2008. ‘Conflict prevention and the responsibility to protect’. Global Governance 14(2): 135-156.
• Bellamy, Alex J. 2008. ‘The Responsibility to Protect and the problem of military intervention’. International Affairs 84(4): 615-639
• Bellamy, A. J. 2009. ‘Realizing the Responsibility to Protect’. International Studies Perspectives 10(2): 111-128.
• Bellamy, Alex J. 2009. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities, Cambridge: Polity.
• Bellamy, A. J. 2010. ‘The responsibility to protect and Australian foreign policy’. Australian Journal of International Affairs 64(4): 432-448.
• Bellamy, Alex J. 2010 “The Responsibility to Protect: Five Years On” Ethics and International Affairs 24(2). 143-169
• Bellamy, Alex J. 2011. Global politics and the responsibility to protect: from words to deeds. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Bellamy, Alex J. and Sara E. Davies. 2009. ‘The Responsibility to Protect in the Asia-Pacific Region’. Security Dialogue 40(6): 547-574.
• Breau, Susan C. “The Impact of the Responsibility to Protect on Peacekeeping.” Journal of Conflict & Security Law 11, no. 3 (2006): 429-64
• Briggs, E. Donald, Walter C. Soderlund and Abdel Salam Sidahmed. 2010. The responsibility to protect in Darfur: the Role of Mass Media. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Chandler, David. 2005. ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Imposing the Liberal Peace’. In Peace Operations and Global Order, eds Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams. London: Routledge.
• Chataway, Teresa. 2007. ‘Towards normative consensus on responsibility to protect’. Griffith Law Review 16(1): 193.
• Dallaire, Romeo. 2005. ‘The Responsibility to Protect’. New England Journal of Public Policy 19(2)
• Davies, Sara, Alex J. Bellamy and Luke Glanville. 2011. The Responsibility to Protect and International Law. Leiden Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Doyle, Michael W. 2011. ‘International Ethics and the Responsibility to Protect’. International Studies Review 13(1): 72-84.
• Evans, Gareth. 2004. ‘When is it Right to Fight?’. Survival 46(3): 59-82.
• Evans, Gareth. 2004. ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention’. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, reprinted in American Society of International Law 98: 78-89.
• Evans, G., The Responsibility to Protect: End Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute, 2008
• Evans, Gareth. 2009. ‘Russia, Georgia and the Responsibility to Protect’. Amsterdam Law Forum 1(2): 25-28.
• Hunt, Charles T. and Alex J. Bellamy. 2011. ‘Mainstreaming the Responsibility to Protect in Peace Operations’. Civil Wars 13(1): 1-20.
• Ki-Moon, Ban, The Role of Regional and Sub-Regional Arrangements in Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, A/65/877–S/2011/39, 28 June 2011.
• Luck, Edward C., ‘The United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect’, Stanley Foundation Policy Analysis Brief, August 2008
• Luck, Edward C. 2011. ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Growing Pains or Early Promise?’. Ethics & International Affairs 24(4): 34
• Pattison, James. 2010. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility To Protect. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Paley, Gregory R., 2005. The responsibility to protect: East, West and Southern African perspectives on preventing and responding to humanitarian crises. Waterloo, Ontario: Project Ploughshares.
• Pingeot, Lou and Wolfgang Obenland, 2014. In whose name? A critical view on the Responsibility to Protect. Bonn, Germany/New York: Global Policy Forum/Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung—New York Office.
• Teitt, Sarah. 2011. ‘The Responsibility to Protect and China’s Peacekeeping Policy’. International Peacekeeping 18(3): 298-312.
• Thakur, Ramesh. 2003. ‘In defence of the responsibility to protect’. The International Journal of Human Rights 7(3): 160-178
• Thakur, Ramesh. 2005. ‘A Shared Responsibility for a More Secure World’. Global Governance 11(3): 281-289.
• Thakur, Ramesh Chandra. 2011. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws, and the Use of Force in International Politics. New York: Routledge.
• Voinov Kohler, Juliette and Richard H. Cooper. 2008. The Responsibility to Protect: the Global Moral Compact for the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Weiss, Thomas and Don Hubert. 2001. The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background. Ottawa: ICISS.
• Weiss, Thomas G. 2004. ‘The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era’. Security Dialogue 35(2): 135-153.

Pranala luar

• IPI's Edward C. Luck briefs UN General Assembly on R2P, 9 August 2010 Diarsipkan 2011-07-20 di Wayback Machine.
• Whose Responsibility to Protect? Diarsipkan 2014-08-15 di Wayback Machine., debate between four R2P practitioners, October 2009.
• Newt Gingrich and George J. Mitchell, Report Card from America: UN Reform Diarsipkan 2008-02-29 di Wayback Machine., International Herald Tribune, 28 November 2005 (American Enterprise Institute)
• Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
• International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect Diarsipkan 2011-03-02 di Wayback Machine.
• Asia-Pacific Centre for R2P