Yahudi-Irak
Yahudi Irak (Ibrani: יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים, Yahudi Babilonia, Yehudim Bavlim, Arab: يهود العراق Yahūd al-ʿIrāq), telah terdokumentasikan dari zaman pembuangan ke Babilonia pada sekitar tahun 586 SM. Yahudi Irak merupakan salah satu komunitas Yahudi paling signifikan dan tertua di dunia.
| |
|---|---|
| Jumlah populasi | |
| 750,000–1,000,000 | |
| 118,000 (tinggal di Irak oada 1947)[1] | |
| Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
 Israel | 200,000+[2] |
 Amerika Serikat | 150,000+[3] |
 Britania Raya | 135,000+ |
 Kanada | 25,000+ |
 Australia | 20,000+ |
 Bahrain | 1,500+ |
 Irak | < 10 |
| Bahasa | |
| Ibrani, Yudeo Arab, Yudeo-Aram (di Utara Irak) | |
| Agama | |
| Yudaisme | |
| Kelompok etnik terkait | |
| Yahudi Israel, Yahudi Kurdi, Yahudi Persia, Yahudi Mizrahi, Mandean, Asiria | |
Komunitas Yahudi di Babilonia meliputi Ezra sang Ahli Taurat, yang kembali ke Yudea pada akhir abad ke-6 SM yang dikaitkan dengan perubahan sigifikan dalam perayaan ritual Yahudi dan pembangunan kembali Bait Allah. Talmud dikompilasikan di Babilonia, diidentifikasikan dengan Irak modern.[4]
Dari zaman Babilonia sampai kebangkitan kekhalifahan Islam, komunitas Yahudi di Babilonia menjadi pusat pembelajaran Yahudi. Invasi Mongol dan diskriminasi Islam pada Abad Pertengahan berujung pada pembersihannya.[5] Di bawah Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah, Yahudi di Irak diperlakukan dengan baik. Komunitas tersebut mendirikan sekolah-sekolah modern pada paruh kedua abad ke-19.[6]
Pada abad ke-20, Yahudi Irak memainkan peran penting pada hari-hari awal kemerdekaan Irak. Antara 1950–52, 120,000–130,000 komunitas Yahudi Irak (sekitar 75%) dibawa ke Israel dalam Operasi Ezra dan Nehemia.[7]
Catatan penjelas sunting
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Catatan
- ^ Ben-Yaacob, Abraham, et al. (2007). "Iraq." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 10 (pp. 14-24). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 16. Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-73357609.html Diarsipkan 2012-11-04 di Wayback Machine. About 600,000 Iraqi Jews left the country after Israel was established.
- ^ "Arab American Demographics". Arab American Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-10.
- ^ The Tower of Babel and Babylon, Gilgamesh, Ningizzida, Gudea
- ^ "Nehardea Magazine". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-11-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-21.
- ^ "Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?" Diarsipkan 2008-05-20 di Wayback Machine., Haaretz
- ^ "Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon", BBC.
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<ref> dengan nama "Bashkin2012p90" yang didefinisikan di <references> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.- Referensi
- Bard, Mitchell (2013). "The Jews of Iraq". Jewish Virtual Library. Diakses tanggal September 10, 2013.
- Gale, Naomi (2005). The Sephardim of Sydney: Coping with Political Processes and Social Pressures (edisi ke-2005). Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845190354. – Total pages: 188
- Kalpakian, Jack (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (edisi ke-2004). Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754633389. – Total pages: 213
- Levin, Itamar (2001). Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries (edisi ke-2001). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275971342. – Total pages: 265
- Murphy, Verity (July 29, 2003). "Iraq Jews' spiritual move to Israel". BBC News. Diakses tanggal September 10, 2013.
- Rejwan, Nissim; Beinin, Joel (2010). The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland (edisi ke-2010). University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292774421. – Total pages: 242
- Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara (2013). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times (edisi ke-2013). Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231507592. – Total pages: 432
Bacaan tambahan sunting
- E. Black, Banking on Baghdad (Wiley, 2004).
- M. Gat, The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 (Frank Cass, 1997).
- H. Haddad, Flight from Babylon (McGraw-Hill, 1986).
- S. Hillel, Operation Babylon (Doubleday, 1987). ISBN 0-385-23597-6
- N. Rejwan, The Jews of Iraq (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985).
- N. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Jewish Publication Society, 1991).
- C. Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
- Nissim Rejwan, The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland (University of Texas Press, 2004)
- Naim Kattan, Farewell Babylon (Souvenir Press, 2007)
- Marina Benjamin, Last Days in Babylon: The History of the Jews of Baghdad (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007)
- Sasson Somekh, Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew, Ibis, Jerusalem, 2007
- Eli Amir, The Dove Flyer (Halban Publishers, 2010)
- Mona Yahia, When the Grey Beetles took over Baghdad (Halban Publishers, 2003)
Pranala luar sunting
- Iraqi Jews Community By Kobi Arami Diarsipkan 2014-03-02 di Wayback Machine.
- Iraqi Jews Worldwide Diarsipkan 2016-10-22 di Wayback Machine.
- Iraqi Jews from Baghdad Diarsipkan 2008-03-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Foundation for Sephardic Culture
- The Jewish Community of Baghdad
- Iraq Jews hub at Iraqjews.org
- Tradition of the Iraqi Jews Diarsipkan 2013-01-08 di Archive.is (mostly Hebrew, with links to recordings)
- Iraqi Jews genealogy Diarsipkan 2008-06-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Jewish Virtual Library on the Jews of Iraq
- Babylonia at Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
- Iraqi Jews in Israel: Two Iraqi Jewish Museums in Israel Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine. at WZO
- A Story of Successful Absorption: Aliyah from Iraq Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine. at WZO
- The Last Days in Babylon by Marina Benjamin Diarsipkan 2006-10-21 di Wayback Machine. The story of the Iraqi Jews told through the life of the author's grandmother
- Aiding the Enemy Iraq's recent hatred for Jews makes it an odd place to celebrate Passover for American GIs, By T. Trent Gegax, Newsweek Web Exclusive, MSNBC
- 'It Is Now or Never', Iraqi Jews who were stripped of their citizenship and their homes over the past half century may finally get a chance to reclaim them, By Sarah Sennott, Newsweek, MSNBC
Film sunting
- 2002 – Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection. Disutradarai oleh Samir.
- 2005 – Forgotten Refugees
- 2007 – Baghdad Twist Diarsipkan 2017-07-21 di Wayback Machine.. Disutradarai oleh Joe Balass.
- 2013 – Farewell Baghdad. Disutradarai oleh Nissim Dayan.
- 2014 – Shadow in Baghdad. Disutradarai oleh Duki Dror.