Pertempuran Bunker Hill

Pertempuran Bunker Hill
	Bagian dari Perang Revolusi Amerika
	; The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill; karya John Trumbull
Tanggal	17 Juni 1775
Lokasi	Charlestown, Massachusetts; 42°22′34.9″N 71°3′38.8″W / 42.376361°N 71.060778°WKoordinat: 42°22′34.9″N 71°3′38.8″W / 42.376361°N 71.060778°W
Hasil	Lihat Hasil
Perubahan; wilayah	Penaklukan Semenanjung Charlestown oleh pasukan Britania
Pihak terlibat
Persatuan Koloni Connecticut; Massachusetts; New Hampshire; Pulau Rhode;	Britania Raya
Tokoh dan pemimpin
William Prescott; Israel Putnam; Joseph Warren †; John Stark	William Howe; Thomas Gage; Sir Robert Pigot; James Abercrombie †; Henry Clinton; Samuel Graves; John Pitcairn †
Kekuatan
~2,400	3,000+
Korban
115 korban jiwa,; 305 terluka,; 30 tertangkap (20 tahanan perang meninggal); Total: 450	19 perwira terbunuh; 62 perwira terluka; 207 pasukan terbunuh; 766 pasukan terluka; Total: 1.054
	Lokasi di Massachusetts

Pertempuran Bunker Hill dipertarungkan pada tanggal 17 Juni 1775, saat Pengepungan Boston pada tahap awal Perang Revolusi Amerika. Nama pertempuran ini diambil dari nama Bunker Hill di Charlestown, Massachusetts, yang terlibat secara terpisah dalam pertempuran tersebut. Pertempuran tersebut adalah tujuan utama bagi kedua pasukan kolonial dan pasukan Britania, meskipun sebagian besar pertempuran ini terjadi di bukit yang berdekatan yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Breed's Hill.^[5]^[6]

Catatan sunting

Referensi sunting

^ Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night-time fortification work. Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out. In a footnote on p. 136, as well as on p. 190, he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count.
^ Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550, but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began. Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000. Furthermore, according to Frothingham p. 148, additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed. Frothingham, p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved.
^ Chidsey, p. 104
^ Frothingham pp. 191, 194.
^ Borneman, Walter R. American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution, p. 350, Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, London, 2014. ISBN 978-0-316-22102-3.
^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 85, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4766-6453-8.

Daftar pustaka sunting

Sumber utama Sebagian besar tentang informasi pertempuran tersebut berasal dari artikel sumber berikut.

Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. ISBN 1-58097-007-9. OCLC 42581510.
Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston. Boston, MA: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Frothingham, Jr, Richard (1851). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, Second Edition. Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown. OCLC 2138693.
French, Allen (1911). The Siege of Boston. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 3927532.
Ketchum, Richard (1999). Decisive Day: The Battle of Bunker Hill. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 0-385-41897-3. OCLC 24147566. (Paperback: ISBN 0-8050-6099-5)
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution (New York: Viking, 2013)

Sumber minor Fakta spesifik yang tidak perlu dicakup oleh sumber utama berasal dari sumber berikut.

Buford, Mary Hunter (1895). Seth Read, Lieut.-Col. Continental Army; Pioneer at Geneva, New York, 1787, and at Erie, Penn., June, 1795. His Ancestors and Descendants. Boston, Mass. hlm. 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format.
Bunce, Oliver Bell (1870). The romance of the revolution: being true stories of the adventures, romantic incidents, hairbreath escapes, and heroic exploits of the days of '76. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. hlm. 337. OCLC 3714510.
Abbatt, William (ed) (1883). The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, volume 8. A.S. Barnes. OCLC 1590082.
Alden, John R (1989). A History of the American Revolution. Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80366-6.
Anderson, William (1863). The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland, volume 2. Fullarton. OCLC 1290413.
Bardwell, John D (2005). Old Kittery. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2476-4.
Clinton, Henry (1954). Willcox, William B., ed. The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782. Yale University Press. OCLC 1305132.
Graydon, Alexander (1846). Littell, John Stockton, ed. Memoirs of His Own Time: With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. OCLC 1557096.
Ferling, John (2015). Whirlwind, The American Revolution and the War That Won it. Bloomsbury Press, New York, London. ISBN 9781620401736.
Hayward, John (1854). A Gazetteer of the United States of America. self published. OCLC 68756962.
Jackson, Kenneth T; Dunbar, David S (2005). Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10909-3.
Melville, Herman (1855). Israel Potter: his fifty years of exile. G. Routledge. OCLC 13065897.
Richards, Leonard L (2003). Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1870-1.
Scheer, George F; Rankin, Hugh F (1987). Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80307-9.
Winsor, Justin; Jewett, Clarence F (1882). The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880, Volume 3. James R. Osgood. OCLC 4952179.
Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American Revolution: A History . Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7041-1.
Woodson, Carter Godwin; Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1917). The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. OCLC 1782257.
Cray, Robert E. (2001). Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 5, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 14, 2016.
"Congressional bio of John Patterson". Biographical Directory of the United States.

Peringatan Berbagai peringatan pertempuran tersebut dijelaskan dalam sumber-sumber berikut.

"Charles River Bridges". Massachusetts Turnpike Authority. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 28, 2007. Diakses tanggal November 26, 2008.
"Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays". Massachusetts Secretary of State. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2008.
"Environmental Guide 2008" (PDF). City of Somerville, Massachusetts. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 4, 2009. Diakses tanggal February 26, 2009.
"UMass Boston Holidays observed". University of Massachusetts, Boston. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 25, 2009. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2009.
"Bunker Hill Day Closings". Boston Globe. June 18, 2007. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2009.
Winsor, Justin (1875). Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill. Boston, MA: Boston City Council. OCLC 2776599.
Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1925. Boston, MA: City of Boston. 1925. OCLC 235594934.
"Bunker Hill Museum". National Park Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 3, 2009. Diakses tanggal March 17, 2009.
Clary, David (2007). Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution. New York City: Bantam Books. hlm. 443–448. ISBN 978-0-553-80435-5. OCLC 70407848. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Kifner, John (July 15, 1975). "Not Unusual Occurrence: British Take Bunker Hill". New York Times.
McKenna, Kathleen (June 10, 2007). "On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile". Boston Globe. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 20, 2009. Diakses tanggal March 17, 2009.

Bacaan lebih lanjut sunting

Axelrod, Alan (2007). The real History of the American Revolution. Sterling Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 9781402768163.
Beck, Derek W. (2016). The War Before Independence: 1775-1776. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 9781492633105. , 480 pages
Doyle, Peter (1998). Bunker Hill. Charlottesville, VA: Providence Foundation. ISBN 1-887456-08-2. OCLC 42421560.
Drake, Samuel Adams (1875). Bunker Hill: the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged. Boston: Nichols and Hall.
Elting, John R. (1975). The Battle of Bunker's Hill. Monmouth Beach, NJ: Phillip Freneau Press. ISBN 0-912480-11-4. OCLC 2867199.
Ferling, John (2007). Almost a Miracle . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199758470.
Fast, Howard (2001). Bunker Hill. New York: ibooks inc. ISBN 0-7434-2384-4. OCLC 248511443.
Lanning, Michael Lee (2008). The American Revolution 100. Source Books, Naperville, Illinois. ISBN 9781402252808.
O'Brien, Michael J. (1968). The Irish at Bunker Hill: Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775. Irish University Press.
Ristow, W. Walter (1979). Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill.
Swett, S (1826). History of Bunker Hill Battle, With a Plan, Second Edition. Boston, MA: Munroe and Francis. OCLC 3554078. This book contains printings of both Gage's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress.
Commager, Henry Steele; Morris, Richard B. (1958). The Spirit of 76. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, London. ISBN 0306806207. , eBook, Vol 2

Pranala luar sunting

Tentang pertempuran

Tentang orang dalam pertempuran tersebut

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Artikel bertopik perang ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[AmericanCount-1] Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night-time fortification work. Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out. In a footnote on p. 136, as well as on p. 190, he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count.

[BritishCount-2] Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550, but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began. Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000. Furthermore, according to Frothingham p. 148, additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed. Frothingham, p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved.

[Casualties-3] Chidsey, p. 104

[BritishCasualties-4] Frothingham pp. 191, 194.

[5] Borneman, Walter R. American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution, p. 350, Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, London, 2014. ISBN 978-0-316-22102-3.

[6] Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 85, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4766-6453-8.

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