Kepresidenan dan provinsi di India Britania

Kolonial India
	Entitas kekaisaran di India
India Belanda	1605–1825
India Denmark	1620–1869
India Prancis	1769–1954
India Portugis; (1505–1961)
Casa da Índia	1434–1833
Perusahaan India Timur Portugis	1628–1633
India Britania; (1612–1947)
Perusahaan India Timur	1612–1757
Kekuasaan perusahaan di India	1757–1858
Kemaharajaan Britania	1858–1947
Kekuasaan Britania di Burma	1824–1948
Negara-negara kepangeranan	1721–1949
Partisi India	1947
	l; b; s;

Provinsi di India, yang sebelumnya Kepresidenan di India Britania dan sebelumnya lagi, Kota kepresidenan adalah divisi administratif kegubernuran Britania di anak benua tersebut. Dalam bentuk tersebut atau bentuk lainnya, mereka berdiri antara 1612 dan 1947, secara konvensional dibagi dalam tiga masa sejarah.

Pada 1612–1757, Perusahaan Hindia Timur membentuk "pabrik-pabrik" (pos perdagangan) di beberapa tempat, kebanyakan di pesisir India, dengan konsen para kaisar Moghul atau penguasa lokal. Saingannya adalah perusahaan dagang Benda dan Prancis. Pada pertengahan abad ke-18, tiga "kota kepresidenan": Madras, Bombay, dan Kalkuta diperluas.
Pada masa kekuasaan perusahaan di India, 1757–1858, Perusahaan tersebut mengakuisisi kedahulatan di sebagian besar India, yang sekarang disebut "Kepresidenan".
Setelah Pemberontakan India 1857, sisa-sisa kekuatan perusahaan tersebut dipindahkan ke Mahkota. Di Kemaharajaan Britania yang baru (1858–1947), kedaulatan dibagi dalam beberapa daerah yang baru, seperti Dataran Tinggi Burma. Namun, kepresidenan-kepresidenannya diturunkan menjadi "Provinsi".^[1]

India Britania sunting

Empat Divisi Besar India sunting

Empat divisi pemerintahan pada 1851 terdiri dari:

Kepresidenan Bengal dengan ibu kotanya di Kalkuta
Kepresidenan Bombay dengan ibu kotanya di Bombay
Kepresidenan Madras dengan ibu kotanya di Madras
Provinsi-Provinsi Barat Laut dengan kursi Letnan-Gubernur di Agra

Kota-kota kepresidenan (1600–1765) sunting

India pada 1700 menampilkan Kekaisaran Mughal dan pemukiman dagang Eropa.
Kota kepresidenan Madras dalam peta 1908. Madras didirikan sebagai Benteng St. George pada 1640.
Kota kepresidenan Bombay (yang ditampilkan disini peta 1908) yang didirikan pada 1684.
Kota kepresidenan Kalkuta (yang ditampilkan disini peta 1908) yang didirikan pada 1690 sebagai Benteng William.

Kepresidenan Madras: didirikan pada 1640.
Kepresidenan Bombay: markas besar Perusahaan Hindia Timur dipindahkan dari Surat ke Bombay (Mumbai) pada 1687.
Kepresidenan Bengal: didirikan 1690.

Lihat pula sunting

Kekaisaran Britania di India (untuk penggunaan)
Kekuasaan Britania di Burma
Kekaisaran Maratha
Rajputana
Kekaisaran Mughal

Catatan sunting

^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, hlm. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5)

Referensi sunting

The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), The Indian Empire, Historical, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1908), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548. ISBN 81-250-2596-0.
Brown, Judith M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474. ISBN 0-19-873113-2.
Copland, Ian (2001). India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series). Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160. ISBN 0-582-38173-8.
Harrington, Jack (2010). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1.
Judd, Dennis (2004). The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280. ISBN 0-19-280358-1.
Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950). An Advanced History of India. London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps.
Markovits, Claude (ed) (2005). A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies). Anthem Press. Pp. 607. ISBN 1-84331-152-6.
Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372. ISBN 0-521-68225-8. .
Mill, James (1820). The History of British India, in six volumes. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 3rd edition, 1826.
Peers, Douglas M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885. Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163. ISBN 0-582-31738-X.
Riddick, John F. (2006). The history of British India: a chronology.
Riddick, John F. (1998). Who Was Who in British India.
Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Pp. xiv, 486. ISBN 0-333-90425-7.
Smith, Vincent A. (1921). India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784).
Spear, Percival (1990). A History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298. ISBN 0-14-013836-6.

Pranala luar sunting

Statistical abstracts relating to British India, from 1840 to 1920 at uchicago.edu
Digital Colonial Documents (India) Homepage Diarsipkan 2011-04-08 di Wayback Machine. at latrobe.edu.au
Provinces of British India at worldstatesmen.org
Collection of early 20th century photographs of the cities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras with other interesting Indian locations from the magazine, India Illustrated, at the University of Houston Digital Library
Coins of British India

Templat:Presidenan dan provinsi di India Britania Templat:Distrik dalam sejarah India Templat:Teritorial Kekaisaran Britania

[1] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, hlm. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5)

[1]