Knanaya
Knānāya, (Suryani: Knā'nāya (Kanaan)) juga dikenal sebagai Orang Selatan atau Tekkumbhagar, adalah sebuah kelompok etnis endogami yang ditemukan di kalangan komunitas Kristen Santo Tomas di Kerala, India. Mereka berbeda dari bagian lain dari komunitas tersebut, yang dikenal dalam konteks ini sebagai Orang Utara (Vaddakkumbhagar). Terdapat sekitar 300.000 Knanaya di India dan tempat lainnya.[1]
 Diaspora Knānāya dari Malabar Kuno | |
| Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
|---|---|
| s. 300.000 (Kerala, India; Amerika Serikat; wilayah lainnya) | |
| Bahasa | |
| Malayalam: bahasa-bahasa lokal
Liturgi dan Tradisional: Suryani Penulisan: Suriyani Malayalam | |
| Agama | |
| Umumnya Gereja Katolik Siro-Malabar dan Gereja Ortodoks Siria Jacobite Malankara | |
| Kelompok etnik terkait | |
| Kristen Santo Tomas, Malayali, Yahudi Cochin, Siria, Persia |
Cikal bakal kominitas Knanaya bermula dari kedatangan pedagang Suryani Tomas dari Kana (Knāi Thoma) yang memimpin migrasi Kristen Suryani (Yahudi-Kristen) dari kawasan Mesopotamia Persia ke India pada abad ke-4 atau ke-8.[2][1] Kedatangan komunitas tersebut tercatat pada plakat tembaga Tomas dari Kana yang ada di Kerala sampai abad ke-17 setelah wilayah tersebut diserahkan ke Portugal oleh Ordo Fransiskan.[3][4] [5] [6] Pemisahan antara Knanaya dan Kristen Santo Tomas lainnya terjadi dalam masa kolonisasi Portugis di India pada abad ke-16 dan tercatat sepanjang era kolonial Eropa.[7][8]
Pada saat ini, mayoritas Knanaya adalah anggota Gereja Katolik Siro-Malabar (Eparki Agung Kottayam) dan Gereja Ortodoks Siria Jacobite (Keuskupan Agung Knanaya). Kebanyakan Knanaya bermigrasi jauh pada abad ke-20 dan ke-21, kebanyakan ke wilayah barat, membentuk komunitas di wilayah pemakai bahasa non-Malayalam, dengan komunitas ekspatriat besar kini tinggal di Houston, Texas dan Chicago, Illinois di Amerika Serikat.
Referensi sunting
- ^ a b Fahlbusch 2008, hlm. 286.
- ^ Frykenberg 2010, hlm. 113.
- ^ Swiderski 1988b, hlm. 65–66.
- ^ Weil 1982, hlm. 175–196.
- ^ King 2018, hlm. 663-679.
- ^ Narayanan 2018, hlm. 302-303.
- ^ Swiderski 1988a, hlm. 83.
- ^ Sharma & Sharma 2004, hlm. 12.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Alumkalnal, Sunish (2013). Pesaha Celebration of Nasranis: A Sociocultural analysis. Journal of Indo-Judaic studies. 13.
- Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.
- Coward, Harold (1993). Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-1158-4.
- Fahlbusch, Ernst (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5. Eerdmans. hlm. 286. ISBN 9780802824172.
- Frykenberg, Robert (2010). Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199575831.
- Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009). Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs (Tesis PhD). Hebrew University. http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf. Diakses pada 2 October 2018.
- Hatch, William (2012). An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-4632-3315-0.
- Jacobsen, Knut A.; Raj, Selva J. (2008). South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754662617. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2012.
- Joseph, T.K. (1928). "Thomas Cana". The Indian Antiquary. The British Indian Press. 57.
- Jussay, P. M. (2005). The Jews of Kerala. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut.
- Karukaparambil, George (2005). Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl. Deepika Book House. ASIN B076GCH274.
- King, Daniel (2018). The Syriac World. Routledge Press. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Kochadampallil, Mathew (2019). Southist Vicariate of Kottayam. Media House Delhi. ISBN 978-9387298668.
- Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992). The Babylonian origin of the Southists among the St. Thomas Christians. Pontifical Oriental Institute. ISBN 8872102898.
- Kollaparambil, Jacob (2012). Kottayam Athirupatha Sathabdhi Smaranika: Sabha Saktheekaranam Knanaya Presthithadauthyam. Catholic Mission Press Kottayam.
- Kollaparambil, Jacob (2015). Sources of the Syro Malabar Law. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India. ISBN 9789382762287.
- Luke, P.U. (1911). Ancient Songs. Jyothi Book House.
- Narayanan, M.G.S (2018). Perumals of Kerala. Cosmo Books. ISBN 978-8193368329.
- Neill, Stephen (2004). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54885-3. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2012.
- Palackal, Joseph J.; Simon, Felix, ed. (2015). "Bar maryam (Son of Mary)". Encyclopedia of Syriac Chants. Christian Musicological Society of India.
- Malekandathil, Pius (2003). Jornada of D. Alexis Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar. LRC Publications. ISBN 81-88979-00-7.
- Podipara, Placid (1971). The Varthamanappusthakam. Pontifcal Oriental Institute. ISBN 978-81-2645-152-4.
- Podipara, Placid (1979). The Rise and Decline of the Indian Church of the Thomas Christians. Oriental Institute for Religious Studies. ASIN B0000EDU30.
- Sharma, Suresh K.; Sharma, Usha (2004). Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Christianity. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-959-1.
- Swiderski, Richard Michael (1988). "Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians". Asian Folklore Studies. Nanzan University. 47 (1): 73–92. doi:10.2307/1178253. JSTOR 1178253.
- Swiderski, Richard Michael (1988). Blood Weddings: The Knanaya Christians of Kerala. Madras: New Era. ISBN 9780836424546. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2012.
- Swiderski, Richard Michael (1988). "Oral Text: A South Indian Instance" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 3 (1–2): 129–133. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-07-27. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2014.
- Thodathil, James (2005). Antiquity and Identity of the Knanaya Community. Knanaya Clergy Association. ASIN B000M1CEDI.
- Trivedi, S.D. (2010). Glorious Heritage of India: Research Papers on History, Art, and Epigraphy. Agam Kala Prakashan. ISBN 9788173200953.
- Vellian, Jacob (1990). Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights. Syrian Church Series. 15. Anita Printers. OCLC 311292786.
- Vellian, Jacob (2001). Knanite Community: History and Culture. 17. Jyothi Book House. OCLC 50077436.
- Vellian, Jacob (1986). Symposium on Knanites. Syrian Church Series. 12. Jyothi Book House.
- Weil, Shalva (1982). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 16 (2): 175–196. doi:10.1177/006996678201600202.
- Whitehouse, Richard (1873). Lingerings of Light in a Dark Land: Being Researchs into the Past History and Present Condition of the Syrian Church of Malabar. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 116492317X.
- Winkworth, C.P.T (1929). "A New Interpretation of The Pahlavi Cross Inscriptions of Southern India". The Journal of Theological Studies. Oxford University Press. 30 (119): 237–255. doi:10.1093/jts/os-XXX.April.237.
Pranala luar sunting
