Kebijakan ras Jerman Nazi
Kebijakan ras Jerman Nazi adalah serangkaian kebijakan dahukum yang diberlakukan di Jerman Nazi (1933–45) berdasarkan pada doktrin rasis yang menjunjung superioritas ras Arya, yang diklaim sah secara saintifik. Ini dikombinasikan dengan program eugenik yang ditujukan untuk kebersihan ras dengan sterilisasi kompulsori dan eksterminasi orang-orang yang mereka anggap sebagai Untermenschen ("sub-manusia"), yang berujung pada Holocaust.
Kebijakan-kebijakan Nazi melabelkan para pemukim berabad-abad di kawasan Jerman yang bukan etnis Jerman seperti Yahudi (dimengerti dalam teori ras Nazi sebagai bangsa "Semitik" asal Syam), Romani (juga dikenal sebagai Gipsi, bangsa "Indo-Arya" asal Anak Benua India), bersama dengan sebagian besar Slavia (utamanya etnis Polandia, Serbia, Rusia dll), dan seluruh orang kulit berwarna lainnya (dengan beberapa pengecualian) sebagai sub-manusia non-Arya rendahan (contohnya non-Nordik, di bawah kesalahkaprahan Nazi dari istilah "Arya") dalam sebuah hierarki ras yang menempatkan Herrenvolk ("ras unggul") dari Volksgemeinschaft ("komunitas masyarakat") di bagian puncak.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
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Referensi sunting
- ^ Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity, by André Mineau, (Rodopi, 2004) page 180
- ^ The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942, Vojtěch Mastný, Columbia University Press[halaman dibutuhkan]
- ^ Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis, Jill Stephenson p. 135, Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma .
- ^ The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin - Page 118 Annette F. Timm - 2010 The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs)
- ^ The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined Edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Indiana University Press page 59 "Pseudoracial policy of Third Reich(...)Gypsies, Slavs, blacks, Mischlinge, and Jews are not Aryans."
- ^ Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection Paul R. Bartrop, Steven Leonard Jacobs page 1160, "This strict dualism between the "racially pure" Aryans and all others—especially Jews and Slavs—led in Nazism to the radical outlawing of all "non-Aryans" and to their enslavement and attempted annihilation"
- ^ World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 Cyprian Blamires page 63 "the "racially pure" Aryans and all others—especially Jews and Slavs— led in Nazism to the radical outlawing of all "non-Aryans" and to their enslavement and attempted annihilation
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- Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521398022.
- Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at War: 1939-1945 : No Simple Victory. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69285-1.
- Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-74563-177-6.
- Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap. ISBN 0-674-01172-4.
- Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
- Weikart, Richard (2011). Hitler's ethic: the Nazi pursuit of evolutionary progress. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-11273-0.
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- Aly, Gotz, Susanne Heim. Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002, 514pp, ISBN 978-0-297-84278-1
- Bauer, Yehuda. A History Of The Holocaust, New York: F. Watts, 1982 ISBN 0-531-09862-1.
- Browning, Christopher. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, 616pp, ISBN 0-8032-1327-1
- Ehrenreich, Eric. The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34945-3
- Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1 The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939, New York: HarperCollins, 1997 ISBN 0-06-019042-6
- Kühl, Stefan. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-19-514978-5
- Peukert, Detlev. Inside Nazi Germany: conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life London: Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X.
- Proctor, Robert. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-674-74578-7
- Schafft, Gretchen E. From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004.ISBN 978-0-25207-453-0
- Weindling, Paul. Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945. Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-521-42397-X