Christian Rakovsky
Christian Rakovsky (13 Agustus 1873 – 11 September 1941) adalah seorang sosialis revolusioner Bulgaria, politikus Bolshevik dan diplomat Soviet; ia juga dikenal sebagai jurnalis, fisikawan, dan esayis. Karier politik Rakovsky menempatkannya di sepanjang Balkan dan sampai Prancis dan Kekaisaran Rusia; pada masa hidupnya, ia juga menjadi warga Rumania.
Christian Rakovsky Кръстьо Раковски, Xристиан Георгиевич Раковский, Християн Георгійович Раковський, Cristian Racovski | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat RSS Ukraina | |
| Masa jabatan 16 Januari 1919 – 15 Juli 1923 | |
| Duta Besar Soviet untuk Prancis | |
| Masa jabatan Oktober 1925 – Oktober 1927 | |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | 13 Agustus 1873 Gradets, Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah (sekarang Bulgaria) |
| Meninggal | 11 September 1941 (umur 68) Oryol, RSFS Rusia, Uni Soviet |
| Kebangsaan | Bulgaria, Rumania, Rusia, Soviet, Ukraina |
| Partai politik | Partai Komunis Uni Soviet Partai Komunis (Bolshevik) Ukraina |
| Suami/istri | E. P. Ryabova (almarhumah) Alexandrina Alexandrescu (Ileana Pralea) |
| Profesi | fisikawan, jurnalis |
| Tanda tangan |  |
  | |
Sebagai kolaborator seumur hidup dari Leon Trotsky, ia menjadi aktivis berpengaruh dari Second International, yang terlibat dalam politik dengan Uni Sosial Demokrat Bulgaria, Partai Sosial Demokrat Rumania, dan Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat Rusia. Rakovsky dikeluarkan pada waktu-waktu yang berbeda dari berbagai negara akibat aktivitasnya, dan, pada Perang Dunia I, menjadi anggota pendiri Federasi Buruh Sosial Demokrat Balkan Revolusioner sesambil membantu menyelenggarakan Konferensi Zimmerwald. Ditahan oleh otoritas Rumania, ia kabur ke Rusia, dimana ia bergabung dengan Partai Bolshevik setelah Revolusi Oktober, dan, sebagai kepala Rumcherod, gagal mengupayakan pengembangan revolusi komunis di Kerajaan Rumania. Kemudian, ia menjadi anggota pendiri Comintern, menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan di RSS Ukraina, dan ikut dalam negosiasi di Konferensi Genoa.
Catatan kaki sunting
Referensi sunting
- Christian Rakovsky Internet Archive at Marxists.org:
- Gus Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky, Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923–30 (editor: Gus Fagan), Allison & Busby, London & New York, 1980; retrieved July 19, 2007
- Christian Rakovsky, "An Autobiography", Granat, 1926, translated by Gus Fagan; retrieved July 19, 2007
- (Rumania) 110 ani de social-democraţie în România ("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania") Diarsipkan 2010-06-01 di Wayback Machine., Social Democratic Party, Ovidiu Şincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003; retrieved July 19, 2007
- G. Brătescu, Ce-a fost să fie. Notaţii autobiografice ("That Which Was Meant to Be. Autobiographical Notes"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 2003. ISBN 978-973-50-0425-5
- Şerban Cioculescu, Caragialiana, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1974. OCLC 6890267
- Yuri Feofanov, Donald Barry, Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia, National Council for Soviet and East European Research and Lehigh University, Washington, D. C., 1995; retrieved July 19, 2007
- Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. ISBN 978-973-28-0177-2
- Şt. O. Iosif, D. Anghel, "Racovski", in Cireşul lui Lucullus. Teatru, proză, traduceri ("Lucullus' Cherry Tree. Drama, Prose, Translations"), Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1976. OCLC 2598894
- Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930, Cornell University Press, New York City, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8014-8688-3
- Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 1976. ISBN 978-0-85124-150-0
- Z. Ornea, Viaţa lui C. Stere ("The Life of C. Stere"), Vol. I, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1989. ISBN 978-973-23-0099-2
- (Prancis) Christian Rakovsky, Les socialistes et la guerre ("The Socialists and the War"), 1915, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
- Judith Shapiro, "The Prophet Returned? A Survey of Recent Works by and about Trotsky in the Soviet Union" Diarsipkan 2001-05-28 di Wayback Machine., in Revolutionary History, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer 1989; retrieved July 19, 2007
- Stelian Tănase,
- (Rumania) "Cristian Racovski" (Part I) Diarsipkan 2007-09-26 di Wayback Machine., in Magazin Istoric, April 2004; retrieved July 19, 2007
- "The Renegade Istrati", excerpt from Auntie Varvara's Clients, translated by Alistair Ian Blyth, in Archipelago, Vol.10–12; retrieved July 19, 2007
- Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, ISBN 978-0-520-23747-6
- Glenn E. Torrey, "Rumania's Decision to Intervene: Brătianu and the Entente, June–July 1916", in Keith Hitchins (ed.), Romanian Studies. Vol. 2, 1971–1972, Brill Publishers, Leiden, 1973, p. 3-29. ISBN 978-90-04-03639-0
- (Prancis) Leon Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov ("Christian Rakovsky and Vasil Kolarov"), 1915, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
- Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea: Chapter XXI, "Rakovsky's Roumanian Career", at the University of Washington; retrieved July 19, 2007
Pranala luar sunting
