Boreoeutheria

*Boreoeutheria*
Boreoeutheria ;
	;
Taksonomi
Kerajaan	Animalia
Filum	Chordata
Kelas	Mammalia
Magnorder	Boreoeutheria ;
Subgrup
	Laurasiatheria; Euarchontoglires;
	l; b; s;

Boreoeutheria (sinonim Boreotheria) (dari Yunani Βορέας, Boreas "tuhan Yunani, tuhan angin utara", εὐ-, eu- "baik, benar" dan θηρίον, thēríon "buas" (apabila digabungkan menjadi "Binatang buas utara yang nyata") adalah klad (magnorder) mamalia berplasenta yang terdiri dari Laurasiatheria dan Euarchontoglires (Supraprimata). Pengelompokan ini didukung dengan analisis pengurutan DNA.^{[butuh rujukan]} Mamalia berplasenta diluar klad ini ialah Xenarthra dan Afrotheria.

Fosil yang paling awal diketahui sekitar 65 juta tahun lalu, segera setelah Peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen, meskipun data molekul memperkirakan kelompok hewan ini mungkin lebih awal dari itu, yaitu saat zaman Cretaceous.^[1] Dengan beberapa pengecualian ^[2] Hewan jantan memiliki skrotum.^[3]^[4] Sub-klad Scrotifera dinamai karena hal ini.^[5]

Referensi sunting

^ O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. PMID 23393258.
^ Klad boreoeutherian yang tidak memiliki skrotum adalah tikus tanah, landak, anteater, beberapa anjing laut dan badak, tapir, kuda nil, dan ikan paus.
^ Mills, D. S.; Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. hlm. 293–. ISBN 978-0-85199-724-7. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2019.
^ Drew, Liam (8 July 2013). "Why are testicles kept in a vulnerable dangling sac?". slate.com. Between these branches, however, is where it gets interesting, for there are numerous groups, our descended but a-scrotal cousins, whose testes drop down away from the kidneys but don't exit the abdomen. Almost certainly, these animals evolved from ancestors whose testes were external, which means at some point they backtracked ... , evolving anew gonads inside the abdomen. They are a ragtag bunch including hedgehogs, moles, rhinos and tapirs, hippopotamuses, dolphins and whales, some seals and walruses, and scaly anteaters.
^ Waddell; et al. (1999). "Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including amino acid-invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the positions of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 31–53. doi:10.1080/106351599260427. Diakses tanggal 4 October 2011. The name comes from the word scrotum, a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and pangolins (which have the testes just below the skin). It appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of Primates.

Referensi tambahan sunting

Waddell, PJ; Kishino, H; Ota, R (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Inform Ser Workshop Genome Inform. 12: 141–154.
Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Springer, Mark S.; et al. (2001). "Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics". Science. 294 (5550): 2348–2351. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200.
Kriegs; Ole, Jan; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Juergen; Schmitz, Juergen (2006). "Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals". PLoS Biology. 4 (4): e91. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091. PMC 1395351  . PMID 16515367.
Blanchette, M; Green, E.D.; Miller, W; Haussler, D (Dec 2004). "Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico". Genome Research. 14 (12): 2412–2423. doi:10.1101/gr.2800104. PMC 534665  . PMID 15574820.
Ma, J; Zhang, L; Suh, B.B.; Raney, B.J.; Burhans, R.C.; Kent, W.J.; Blanchette, M; Haussler, D; Miller, W (Dec 2006). "Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome". Genome Research. 16 (12): 1557–1565. doi:10.1101/gr.5383506. PMC 1665639  . PMID 16983148.

[placental_radiation-1] O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. PMID 23393258.

[2] Klad boreoeutherian yang tidak memiliki skrotum adalah tikus tanah, landak, anteater, beberapa anjing laut dan badak, tapir, kuda nil, dan ikan paus.

[MillsMarchant-Forde2010-3] Mills, D. S.; Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. hlm. 293–. ISBN 978-0-85199-724-7. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2019.

[4] Drew, Liam (8 July 2013). "Why are testicles kept in a vulnerable dangling sac?". slate.com. Between these branches, however, is where it gets interesting, for there are numerous groups, our descended but a-scrotal cousins, whose testes drop down away from the kidneys but don't exit the abdomen. Almost certainly, these animals evolved from ancestors whose testes were external, which means at some point they backtracked ... , evolving anew gonads inside the abdomen. They are a ragtag bunch including hedgehogs, moles, rhinos and tapirs, hippopotamuses, dolphins and whales, some seals and walruses, and scaly anteaters.

[5] Waddell; et al. (1999). "Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including amino acid-invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the positions of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 31–53. doi:10.1080/106351599260427. Diakses tanggal 4 October 2011. The name comes from the word scrotum, a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and pangolins (which have the testes just below the skin). It appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of Primates.

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