Sala (pohon): Perbedaan antara revisi
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Kembangraps (bicara | kontrib) Kembangraps memindahkan halaman Sala (pohon) ke Couroupita guianensis: misidentifikasi |
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{{About|the plant commonly known as "sal"||Sal (disambiguation)}}
{{taxobox
|name = Sal
|image = Shorea robusta.jpg
|status = LR/lc
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Malvales]]
|familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Shorea]]''
|species = '''''S. robusta'''''
|binomial = ''Shorea robusta''
|binomial_authority = [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]
|synonyms = ''Vatica robusta''
|}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Shorea robusta''''', also known as '''śāl''', '''sakhua''' or '''shala tree''', is a species of tree belonging to the [[Dipterocarpaceae]] family.
==Distribution and description==
[[File:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|thumb|left| New leaves with flower buds at [[Jayanti (village)|Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]], India. ]]
This tree is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], ranging south of the [[Himalaya]], from [[Myanmar]] in the east to [[Nepal]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. In India, it extends from [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]] west to the [[Shivalik Hills]] in [[Haryana]], east of the [[Yamuna]]. The range also extends through the [[Eastern Ghats]] and to the eastern [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] ranges of central India.<ref>Oudhia P., Ganguali R.N. (1998).Is Lantana camara responsible for Sal-borer infestation in M.P.?. Insect Environment. 4 (1): 5.</ref> It is often the dominant tree in the forests where it occurs. In [[Nepal]], it is found mostly in the [[terai]] region from east to west, especially, in the Churia range (the Shivalik Hill [[Churia Range]]) in the subtropical climate zone. There are many protected areas, such as [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Bardia National Park]] and Shukla Phat Wildlife Reserve, where there are dense forests of huge sal trees. It is also found in the lower belt of the hilly region and inner terai.
[[File:Shorea robusta in Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|Sal tree in Chhattisgarh, India]]
Sal tree is also known as Sakhua in northern India including MP, Orrisa and Jharkhand.<ref>http://infochangeindia.org/environment/stories-of-change/a-rakhi-for-trees.html</ref>
<ref>http://bjmirror0112.wordpress.com/</ref>
Sal is moderate to slow growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10–25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. In wetter areas, it is [[evergreen]]; in drier areas, it is dry-season [[deciduous]], shedding most of the leaves in between February to April, leafing out again in April and May.
==Religious significance==
[[File:Birth of Buddha at Lumbini.jpg|thumb|left|Queen Māyā giving birth to the Buddha]]
In [[Hindu]] tradition, the sal tree is said to be favoured by [[Vishnu]].<ref>[http://www.salagram.net/Sacred-trees.html Sacred trees]</ref> Its name ''shala'', ''shaal'' or ''sal'', comes from [[Sanskrit]] (शाल, śāla, literally "house"), a name that suggests it for housing timber; other names in the Sanskrit language are ''ashvakarna'', ''chiraparna'' and ''sarja'', among many others.{{cn|date=March 2015}}
The sal tree is often confused with the [[ashoka tree]] ''(Saraca indica)'' in the ancient literature of the [[Indian Subcontinent]].{{cn|date=March 2015}}
[[Jain]]s state that the 24th ''[[tirthankara]]'', [[Mahavira]], achieved enlightenment under a ''sal''.{{cn|date=March 2015}}
There is a standard decorative element of Hindu [[Sculpture in India|Indian sculpture]] which originated in a ''[[yakshi]]'' grasping the branch of a flowering tree while setting her foot against its roots.<ref>Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann, ''Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus.'' Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00897-4, ISBN 978-3-424-00897-5</ref> This decorative sculptural element was integrated into [[Architecture of India|Indian temple architecture]] as ''[[salabhanjika]]'' or "sal tree maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an asoka tree.<ref>Eckard Schleberger, ''Die indische Götterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild'' Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00898-2, ISBN 978-3-424-00898-2</ref>
In Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, one can find typical Nepali pagoda temple architectures with very rich wooden carvings, and most of the temples, such as Nyatapol Temple ([[Nyatapola]]), are made of bricks and sal tree wood.{{cn|date=March 2015}}
===Buddhism===
[[Buddhist]] tradition holds that [[Queen Māyā of Sakya]], while en route to her grandfather's kingdom, gave birth to Gautama [[Buddha]] while grasping the branch of a sal tree or an asoka tree in a garden in [[Lumbini]] in south [[Nepal]].
Also according to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha was lying between a pair of sal trees when he died:
{{quote|Then the Blessed One with a large community of monks went to the far shore of the Hiraññavati River and headed for Upavattana, the Mallans' sal-grove near Kusinara. On arrival, he said to Ven. Ananda, "Ananda, please prepare a bed for me between the twin sal-trees, with its head to the north. I am tired, and will lie down."<ref>{{cite web|title=Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding" (DN 16), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu| language=English| url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html| accessdate = 2015-06-29}}</ref>}}
The sal tree is also said to have been the tree under which [[Kondanna Buddha|Koṇḍañña]] and [[Vessabhū Buddha|Vessabhū]], respectively the fifth and twenty fourth buddhas preceding [[Gautama Buddha]], attained enlightenment
In Buddhism, the brief flowering of the sal tree is used as a symbol of [[impermanence]] and the rapid passing of glory, particularly as an analog of ''[[sic transit gloria mundi]]''. In Japanese Buddhism, this is best known through the opening line of ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' – a tale of the rise and fall of a once-powerful clan – whose latter half reads {{Nihongo|"the color of the sāla flowers reveals the truth that the prosperous must decline."|沙羅雙樹の花の色、盛者必衰の理を顯す|Jōshahissui no kotowari wo arawasu}},<ref>Chapter 1.1, Helen Craig McCullough's translation</ref> quoting the [[four-character idiom (disambiguation)|four-character idiom]] {{Nihongo||盛者必衰|jōsha hissui}} from a passage in the [[Humane King Sutra]], {{Nihongo|"The prosperous inevitably decline, the full inevitably empty"|盛者必衰、実者必虚|jōsha hissui, jissha hikkyo?}}.
In [[Sri Lanka]], people used incorrectly to think that ''[[Couroupita guianensis]]'' was the sal tree of Buddhist lore.<ref>http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070916/News/news00026.html</ref>
==Uses==
Sal is one of the most important sources of [[hardwood]] timber in India, with hard, coarse-grained wood that is light in colour when freshly cut, but becomes dark brown with exposure. The wood is resinous and durable, and is sought-after for construction, although not well suited to planing and polishing. The wood is especially suitable for constructing frames for doors and windows.
The dry leaves of sal are a major source for the production of leaf plates called as [[patravali]] and leaf bowls in northern and eastern India. The leaves are also used fresh to serve ready made ''[[paan]]'' (betelnut preparations) and small snacks such as boiled [[black gram|black ''grams'']], ''[[gol gappa]]'', etc. The used leaves/plates are readily eaten by goats and cattle that roam the streets freely. The tree has therefore protected northern India from a flood of styrofoam and plastic plates that would have caused tremendous pollution. In [[South India]], fresh [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] and [[banana]] leaves are used instead. In Nepal, its leaves are used to make local plates and vessels called "tapari", "doona" and "bogata" in which rice and curry is served. However, the use of such "natural" tools have sharply declined during last decade.
Sal tree resin, ''ṛla'' in Sanskrit, is used as an [[astringent]] in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref>[http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Hindus-Materia.../Nat--Dipterocarpeae-Shorea-Robusta-Sans.html Sala, Asvakarna]</ref> It is also burned as [[incense]] in Hindu ceremonies, and sal seeds and fruit are a source of lamp oil and vegetable fat.
[[shorea robusta seed oil]]is extracted from the seeds and used as cooking oil after refining.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- trunk- strangulated by some ficus tree at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 119.jpg|Sal trunk constricted by a ficus tree at Jayanti
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- old leaf at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 122.jpg|Old leaf at Jayanti
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- flowering canopy W Picture 117.jpg|Flowering canopy at Jayanti
File:India, tre dee, salabhanjika, periodo hoysala 1150-1200 da Karnataka.JPG|''Salabhanjika'' or "sal tree maiden", [[Hoysala]] sculpture, [[Belur]], [[Karnataka]]
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[Shorea robusta seed oil]]
*[[Yakshini]]
*[[Ashoka tree]]
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Ashton|year=1998|id=32097|title=Shorea robusta|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
==External links==
*[http://www.haryana-online.com/Flora/sal.htm Haryana Online: Sal]
[[Category:Shorea|robusta]]
[[Category:Trees of the Indian Subcontinent]]
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