ISO 14000: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''ISO 14000'''
▲'''ISO 14000''' adalah kumpulan standar-standar terkait [[pengelolaan lingkungan]] yang disusun untuk membantu organisasi untuk:
# meminimalisir dampak negatif kegiatan-kegiatan (proses dll) mereka terhadap lingkungan, seperti menimbulkan perubahan yang merugikan terhadap udara, air atau tanah;
# mematuhi peraturan perundangan-undangan dan persyaratan-persyaratan berorientasi lingkungan yang berlaku;
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ISO 14000 serupa dengan [[ISO 9000]] - manajemen mutu dalam hal berkaitan dengan bagaimana sebuah produk diproduksi ketimbang tentang produk itu sendiri. Sebagaimana halnya ISO 9000, sertifikasinya dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga, bukan oleh ISO sendiri. Standar audit ISO 19001 diterapkan saat mengaudit ketaatan ISO 9000 dan 14000 sekaligus.
Persyaratan ISO 140001 merupakan bagian integral dari Skema Manajemen dan Audit Lingkungan (''Eco-Management and Audit Scheme''
== Sejarah Singkat Sistem Pengelolaan Lingkungan ==
Pada tahun [[1992]], [[BSI Group]] menerbitkan BS 7750, standar sistem pengelolaan lingkungan yang pertama di dunia.<ref>[http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/about-bsi/our-history About BSI - History]</ref> Sebelumnya, pengelolaan lingkungan telah menjadi bagian dari sistem yang lebih besar, seperti Responsible Care. BS 7750 menyediakan contoh untuk pengembangan seri ISO 14000 pada tahun 1996, oleh Organisasi Standarisasi Internasional (International Organisation for Standardization; [[ISO]]), yang memiliki perwakilan dari komite-komite di seluruh dunia (Clements 1996, Brorson & Larsson 1999). Sejak tahun [[2010]], ISO 14001 digunakan oleh sedikitnya 223.149 organisasi di 159 negara.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1363 ISO 9001 certifications top one million mark, 25 October 2010]</ref>
== Pengembangan seri ISO 14000 ==
Kelompok ISO 14000 mencakup terutama standar ISO 14000, yang mewakili kumpulan inti standar-standar yang digunakan oleh organisasi-organisasi untuk merancang dan menerapkan Sistem Pengelolaan Lingkungan (Environmental Management System; [[EMS]]). Standar-standar lainnya meliputi ISO 14004 yang meerupakan panduan tambahan untuk penerapan EMS yang baik, dan standar-standar yang lebih spesifik tentang aspek-aspek spesifik pengelolaan lingkungan. Tujuan utama dari serial norma-norma ISO 14000 adalah "untuk mempromosikan pengelolaan lingkungan yang lebih efektif dan efisien dalam organisasi dan untuk menyediakan perangkat yang berguna dan berfungsi - yang hemat biaya, berbasis sistem, [dan] fleksibel, dan mencerminkan organisasi yang terbaik dan praktek-praktek terbaik untuk mengumpulkan, menerjemahkan dan mengkomunikasikan informasi tentang lingkungan.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_14000_essentials ISO 14000 essentials]</ref>
ISO 14000 berbasis kepada pendekatan sukarela terhadap peraturan lingkungan (Szymanski & Tiwari 2004). Serial ini mencakup standar ISO 14001, yang menyediakan panduan untuk penerapan atau perbaikan sebuah EMS. Standar ini memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan pendahulunya, ISO 9000, standar manajemen mutu internasional (Jackson 1997), yang menjadi model untuk struktur internalnya (National Academy Press 1999), dan keduanya dapat diterapkan secara bersamaan. Sebagaimana halnya ISO 9000, ISO 14000 bertindak sebagai perangkat pengelolaan internal dan cara menunjukkan komitmen lingkungan sebuah perusahaan kepada pelanggan dan klien-kliennya (Boiral 2007).
Sebelum adanya ISO 14000, organisasi-organisasi menyusun sendiri EMS-nya secara sukarela, tapi hal ini menyebabkan perbandingan dampak-dampak lingkungan antar perusahaan menjadi sulit; oleh karenanya, serial ISO 14000 yang universal disusun. EMS didefinisikan oleh ISO sebagai "bagian dari sistem pengelolaan menyeluruh, yang mencakup struktur, aktifitas perencanaan, tanggung jawab, praktek-praktek, prosedur-prosedur dan sumber daya organisasi dalam mengembangkan, menerapkan, mencapai dan mempertahankan kebijakan lingkungan" (ISO 1996 sebagaimana dikutip dalam Federal Facilities Council Report 1999).
<!--
== Standar ISO 14000 ==
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=== Pemanfaatan ISO 14001 dalam Rantai Suplai ===
-->
* '''ISO 14001''' <!--Environmental management systems—Requirements with guidance for use-->
* '''ISO 14004''' <!--Environmental management systems—General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques-->
* '''ISO 14006''' <!--Environmental management systems—Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign-->
* '''ISO 14015''' <!--Environmental assessment of sites and organizations-->
* '''ISO 14020''' seri (14020 sampai 14025) <!--Environmental labels and declarations-->
*'''ISO 14030''' <!--discusses post-production environmental assessment-->
* '''[[ISO 14031]]''' <!--Environmental performance evaluation—Guidelines-->
* '''ISO 14040''' <!--series (14040 to 14049), [[Life cycle assessment|Life Cycle Assessment, LCA]], discusses pre-[[production planning]] and environment goal setting.-->
* '''ISO 14046''' <!--sets guidelines and requirements for water footprint assessments of products, processes, and organizations. Includes only air and soil emissions that impact water quality in the assessment.
A water footprint assessment can assist in:
a) assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water;
b) identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations;
c) strategic risk management related to water;
d) facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;
e) informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign, decisions about investment of resources);
f) providing consistent and reliable information, based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results.
A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products, processes or organizations.
The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment, where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water.
In this International Standard, the term “water footprint” is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment.
The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements.-->
* '''ISO 14046''' 2014, <!--Environmental Management- Water Footprint- Principles, Requirements, and Guidelines-->
* '''ISO 14050''' <!--terms and definitions-->
* '''ISO 14062''' <!--Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development--> (2002)
* '''ISO 14063''' <!--environmental communication guidelines and examples--> (2006)<ref>http://www.iso.org</ref>
* '''[[ISO 14064]]''' <!--measuring, quantifying, and reducing [[greenhouse gas]] emissions-->
* '''[[ISO 19011]]'''<!-- specifies one [[audit]] [[Methodology|protocol]] for both 14000 and 9000 series standards together-->
▲== Daftar Serial ISO 14000 secara Lengkap ==
* [[Eco-Management and Audit Scheme|EMAS]]
* [[Environmental economics]]
▲== Lihat aja ==
* [[Environmental Management System]]
* [[International Organisation for Standardisation]]
* [[ISO 26000]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
==
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1287/orsc.1060.0224 |title=Corporate Greening Through ISO 14001: A Rational Myth? |year=2007 |last1=Boiral |first1=O. |journal=Organization Science |volume=18 |pages=127}}
*Brorson, T & Larsson, G 1999, Environmental Management: How to Implement an Environmental Management System within a Company or Other Organization, EMS AB, Stockholm.
*Burden, L. 2010, How to up the EMS ante, <http://www.environmentalmanagementsystem.com.au/iso-14001-environmental-management-systems.html>
*Clements, R.B 1996, Complete Guide to ISO 14000, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1937-5956.2001.tb00378.x |title=International Diffusion of Iso 14000 Certification |year=2009 |last1=Corbett |first1=Charles J. |last2=Kirsch |first2=David A. |journal=Production and Operations Management |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=327}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00226.x |title=Erratum to "Stakeholders and Competitive Advantage: The Case of ISO 14001" |year=2009 |last1=Delmas |first1=Magali |journal=Production and Operations Management |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=398}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00211.x |title=Greening the Supply Chain: When is Customer Pressure Effective? |year=2009 |last1=Delmas |first1=Magali |last2=Montiel |first2=Ivan |journal=Journal of Economics & Management Strategy |volume=18 |pages=171}}
*Federal Facilities Council Report 1999, Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14001, National Academy Press, Washington DC.
*Gastl, R 2009, CIP in Environmental Management, English management summary of: Gastl, R 2009, Kontinuierliche Verbesserung im Umweltmanagement - die KVP-Forderung der ISO 14001 in Theorie und Unternehmenspraxis, 2nd Edition, vdf, Zurich-Switzerland, [http://www.envirocip.com/downloadables/summary-of-basic-cip-concept.html envirocip.com]
*Hutchens, S, Using ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 to Gain a Competitive Advantage, Intertek white paper, viewed 10 September 2010, [http://www.intertek.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=4431 intertek.com]
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/tqem.3310060306 |title=Monitoring and measurement systems for implementing ISO 14001 |year=1997 |last1=Jackson |first1=Suzan L. |journal=Environmental Quality Management |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=33}}
*International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) 2010, ISO 14001, viewed 26 August 2010, [http://www.iisd.org/business/tools/systems_sio.aspx iisd.org]
*ISO 2007, The ISO survey of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certifications: 16th cycle, ISO, Geneva.
*The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications 2011: viewed 7 Jan 2013 http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref1686
*Martin, R 1998, ISO 14001 Guidance Manual, National Centre for environmental decision-making research: Technical report, viewed 23 August 2010, [http://www.usistf.org/download/ISMS_Downloads/ISO14001.pdf usistf.org]
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00120.x |title=Green Clubs and Voluntary Governance: ISO 14001 and Firms' Regulatory Compliance |year=2005 |last1=Potoski |first1=Matthew |last2=Prakash |first2=Aseem |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=235}}
*RMIT University, Encyclopedia: ISO 14000 series, viewed 29 August 2010, [http://global.rmit.edu.au/encyclopedia/iso_14000.php rglobal.rmit.edu.au]
*Sheldon C. 1997, ISO 14001 and Beyond: Environmental Management Systems in the Real World, Prentice Hall, New York.
*Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004, Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/1384128042000219717 |title=ISO 14001 and the Reduction of Toxic Emissions |year=2004 |last1=Szymanski * |first1=Michal |last2=Tiwari |first2=Piyush |journal=The Journal of Policy Reform |volume=7 |pages=31}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/tqem.3310070102 |title=Case studies of ISO 14001: A new business guide for global environmental protection |year=1997 |last1=Van Der Veldt |first1=Danja |journal=Environmental Quality Management |volume=7 |pages=1}}
== Pranala Luar ==
*[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_14000_essentials ISO 14000 essentials]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/pdf/factsheet/EMASiso14001_high.pdf EMAS Factsheet: EMAS and ISO 14001]
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