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'''Statistik''' adalah sejenis [[analisis data]] yang prakteknya termasuk [[perencanaa]], menjumlahkan, dan menyimpulkan [[pengamatan]] dari sebuah [[sistem]] yang mungkin juga diikuti dengan [[perkiraan]] peristiwa di masa depan berdasarkan sebuah [[model matematika]] dari sistem yang diamati. Statistik adalah sebuah cabang dari [[matematika terapan]] terutama dalam bidang [[teori statistika]] yang menggunakan [[teori kemungkinan]] dalam model matematika.
Dasar dari statistik adalah bahwa sebuah [[populasi]] dapat diwakilik oleh sebuah contoh dari populasi ketika contoh tersebut cukup besar dan terdiri dari pemilihan acak dari unit-unit (manusia, komponen, atau apa pun populasi itu terdiri) dari populasi. Teori statistikal menyediakan metode untuk menetukan seberapa besar sebuah sampel dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan yang nyata berdasarkan statistik.
Ada dua jenis statistik utama, [[statistik deskriptif]] dan [[statistik inferential]]. Statistik deskriptif menjelaskan atau menjumlahkan pengamatan dari sebuah sistem. Statistik inferential digunakan untuk mengambil kesimpulan, memperkirakan apa yang akan terjadi di masa depan, kecenderungan, dan kelakuan dari sebuah sistem.
Statistik digunakan di banyak [[disiplin akademi]] terutama disiplin dalam [[ilmu sosial]], [[biologi]], dan bidang lainnya yang melibatkan [[sistem kompleks]]. Statistik digunakan dalam bisnis untuk [[kontrol proses statistik]], [[kontrol kualitas]], [[pemasaran]] dan kegiatan sehari-hari lainnya. Statistik juga digunakan dalam olah raga untuk menggambarkan keahlian dan kemampuan pengikut olah raga. Statistik juga digunakan dalam [[pemerintahan]] untuk berbagai macam tujuan. Jenis statistik yang paling dikenal adalah prosedur yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah, yaitu [[sensus]] di mana statistik berbagai macam dikumpulkan tentang populasi nasional.
[[Jajak pendapat]] dari sebuah populasi sering digunakan oleh [[partai politik]] dan [[media massa]] untuk menentukan pendapat populer dalam masalah tertentu. Proses pengumpulan data harus mengambil pemilihan acak dari responden (orang yang menjawab pertanyaan "poll") dari populasi umum dalam rangka untuk mewakilkan populasi secara umum.
Statistik merupakan sebagian dasar dari [[penambangan data]] bidang yang relatif baru, yang menggunakan kombinasi statistik, [[pengenalan pola]], [[kecerdasan buatan]], dan algoritma lainnya untuk menemukan informasi yang berguna dalam satu set data yang besar.
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==Origin==
The word ''statistics'' ultimately derives from the [[modern Latin]] term ''statisticum collegium'' ("council of state") and the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''statista'' ("[[statesman]]" or "[[politician]]"). The [[German language|German]] ''Statistik'', first introduced by [[Gottfried Achenwall]] (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state. It acquired the meaning of the collection and classification of data generally in the early nineteenth century. It was introduced into English by [[Sir John Sinclair]]. Thus, the original principal purpose of statistics was data to be used by governmental and (often centralized) administrative bodies. The collection of data about states and localities continues, largely through [[List of national and international statistical services|national and international statistical services]]; in particular, [[census]]es provide regular information about the [[population]]. Today, however, the use of statistics has broadened far beyond the service of a state or government, to include such areas as business, natural and social sciences, and medicine, among others.
==Statistical methods==
The basic goal of a statistical research project is to make a conclusion on the effect of changes of an [[independent variable]] on a [[dependent variable]]. There are two major types of statistical studies, experimental studies and post facto or after the fact studies. In both of these types of studies, the effect of changes of an independent variable on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two is in how the study is actually conducted.
An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation may have modified the values of the measurements. A post-facto study involves reviewing existing data and making a determination about a correlation between two measurements.
An example of an experimental study is the famous [[Hawthorne studies]] which attempted to test changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company. The researchers were interested in whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the [[assembly line]] workers. The researchers first measured productivity in the plant then modified the illumination in an area of the plant to see if changes in illumination would affect productivity. Due to errors in experimental procedures, specifically the lack of a [[control group]], the researchers while unable to do what they planned were able to provide the world with the [[Hawthorne effect]].
An example of a post-facto study is a study which explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then perform statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers and then look at the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.
There are four types of measurements or measurement scales used in statistics. The four types or [[level of measurement|levels of measurement]] (ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio) have different degrees of usefulness in statistical [[research]]. Ratio measurement,
where both a zero value and distances between different measurements are defined, provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analysing the data. Interval measurement, with meaningful distances between measurements but
no meaningful zero value (such as IQ measurements or temperature measurements in degrees [[Celsius]]), is also used in statistical research.
The basic steps for any statistical research involves
# [[planning statistical research|plan the research]] including determining information sources, research subject selection, and [[ethics|ethical]] considerations for the proposed research and method,
# [[Design of experiments|design the experiment]] concentrating on the system model and the interaction of independent and dependent variables,
# [[summary statistics|summarize a collection of observations]] to feature their commonality by suppressing details ([[descriptive statistics]]),
# reach consensus about what [[statistical inference|the observations tell us]] about the world we observe ([[statistical inference]]),
# document the results of the study.
Some well known statistical tests and procedures for research observations are:
* [[Student's t-test]]
* [[chi-square]]
* [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA)
* [[Mann-Whitney U]]
* [[regression analysis]]
* [[correlation]]
** [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]]
** [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]]
==Probability==
The [[probability]] of an event is often defined as a number between one and zero. In reality however there is virtually nothing that has a probability of 1 or 0. You could say that the [[sun]] will certainly rise in the morning, but what if an extremely unlikely event destroys the sun? What if there is a nuclear war and the sky is covered in ash and smoke?
We often round the probability of such things up or down because they are so likely or unlikely to occur, that it's easier to recognize them as a [[Kolmogorov's zero-one law|probability of one or zero]].
However, this can often lead to misunderstandings and dangerous behaviour, because people are unable to distinguish between, e.g., a probability of 10<sup>−4</sup> and a probability of 10<sup>−9</sup>, despite the very practical difference between them. If you expect to cross the road about 10<sup>5</sup> or 10<sup>6</sup> times in your life, then reducing your risk of being run over per road crossing to 10<sup>−9</sup> will make you safe for your whole life, while a risk per road crossing of 10<sup>−4</sup> will make it very likely that you will have an accident, despite the intuitive feeling that 0.01% is a very small risk.
Use of prior probabilities of 0 (or 1) causes problems in [[Bayesian statistics]], since the [[posterior distribution]] is then forced to be 0 (or 1) as well. In other words, the data is not taken into account at all! As Lindley puts it, if a coherent Bayesian attaches a prior probability of zero to the hypothesis that the Moon is made of green cheese, then even whole armies of astronauts coming back bearing green cheese cannot convince him. Lindley advocates never using prior probabilities of 0 or 1. He calls it [[Cromwell's rule]], from a letter [[Oliver Cromwell]] wrote to the synod of the Church of Scotland on August 5th, 1650 in which he said "I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, consider it possible that you are mistaken."
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== Penyumbang penting dalam statistik ==
* [[Carl Gauss]]
* [[Blaise Pascal]]
* [[Francis Galton|Sir Francis Galton]]
* [[William Sealey Gosset]] (known as "Student")
* [[Karl Pearson]]
* [[Ronald Fisher|Sir Ronald Fisher]]
* [[Gertrude Mary Cox|Gertrude Cox]]
* [[Charles Spearman]]
* [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]]
* [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]]
Lihat juga [[Daftar statisticians]].
== Disiplin khusus ==
Some sciences use [[applied statistics]] so extensively that they have [[specialized terminology]]. These disciplines include:
* [[Biostatistics]]
* [[Statistik bisnis]]
* [[Statistik ekonomi]]
* [[Statistik teknik]]
* [[Fisika Statistik]]
* [[Demografi]]
* [[Statistik psikologikal]]
* [[Statistik sosial]] (untuk semua ilmu '''sosial'')
* [[Statistical literacy]]
* [[Analisis proses]] dan [[chemometrics]] (for analysis of data from [[analytical chemistry]] and [[chemical engineering]])
* Reliability engineering
* [[Baseball statistics]]
Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in [[statistical process control]] or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions. In these roles it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.
== Piranti lunak ==
Modern statistics is supported by computers to perform some of the very large and complex calculations required.
Whole branches of statistics have been made possible by computing, for example [[neural networks]].
The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics, with a new emphasis on 'experimental' statistics.
[[Statistical package]]s in common use include:
* [http://www.statgraphics.com/ Statgraphics Centurion XV]
* [http://s-plus.com/ S programming language], and notably its freely available counterpart - [http://www.r-project.org/ R programming language]
* [http://www.socr.ucla.edu/ Statistics Online Computational Resource (UCLA)]
* [http://sas.com/ SAS programming language]
* [http://www.spss.com/ SPSS]
* [http://stata.com/ Stata]
* [http://www.statsoftinc.com/ StatSoft STATISTICA]
* [http://minitab.com/ Minitab]
* [http://www.rosuda.org/Mondrian/ Mondrian] (Software for Exploratory Data Analysis ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis EDA]))
* [http://www.mathworks.com/ MATLAB]
* [http://www.octave.org/ GNU Octave]
* [[Pspp|GNU PSPP]]
* [[Microsoft Excel|MS Excel]], and various [http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Math/Statistics/Software/Excel_Add-In/ add-ins]
* [[OpenOffice.org]] Calc
* [[ROOT]]
* [http://www.cytel.com Cytel Studio]
* [http://www.wolfram.com Mathematica]
== Lihat juga ==
*[[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA)
*[[Extreme value theory]]
*[[Instrumental variables estimation]]
*[[List of academic statistical associations]]
*[[List of national and international statistical services]]
*[[List of publications in statistics]]
*[[List of statistical topics]]
*[[List of statisticians]]
*[[Machine learning]]
*[[Misuse of statistics]]
*[[Multivariate statistics]]
*[[Permutation test]]
*[[Regression analysis]]
*[[Statistical package]]
*[[Statistical phenomena]]
== Referensi ==
Lindley, D. Making Decisions. John Wiley. Second Edition [[1985]]. ISBN 0471908088
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.hkshum.net/stats/ Clear explanation of the three Statistical Distributions studied throughout secondary school] great for younger students.
=== Situs umum dan organisasi ===
* [http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/ Statlib: Data, Software and News from the Statistics Community (Carnegie Mellon)]
* [http://www.cbs.nl/isi/ International Statistical Institute]
* [http://www.mathcs.carleton.edu/probweb/probweb.html The Probability Web]
=== Kumpulan pranala ===
* [http://www.cbs.nl/isi/FreeTools.htm Free Statistical Tools on the WEB (at ISI)]
* [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat Materials for the History of Statistics (Univ. of York)]
* [http://www.xycoon.com/ Statistics resources and calculators (Xycoon)]
* [http://members.aol.com/johnp71/javastat.html StatPages.net (statistical calculations, free software, etc.)]
* [http://www.nih.gov/sigs/bioethics/casestudies.html Bioethics Resources on the Web from the U.S. National Institute of Health (links to tutorials, case studies, and on-line courses)]
=== Pelajaran online dan buku teks ===
{{wikibooks}}
{{Wikibookspar|School of Mathematics|Statistics}}
* [http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/stathome.html Electronic Statistics Textbook (StatSoft,Inc.)]
* [http://www.vias.org/tmdatanaleng/ Teach/Me Data Analysis (a Springer-Verlag book)]
* [http://www.richland.cc.il.us/james/lecture/m170/ Statistics: Lecture Notes (from a professor at Richland Community College)]
* [http://statistics.cyberk.com/splash/ CyberStats: Electronic Statistics Textbook (CyberGnostics, Inc)]
* [http://www.stat.ucla.edu/%7Edinov/courses_students.html A variety of class notes and educational materials on probability and statistics]
=== Piranti lunak statistik ===
* [http://www.r-project.org/ R Project for Statistical Computing (free software)]
* [http://www.socr.ucla.edu/ Statistics Online Computational Resource (UCLA)]
* [http://root.cern.ch/ Root Analysis Framework (CERN)]
* [http://www.newmdsx.com/ Multidimensional Scaling Software]
* [http://www.rosuda.org/Software/ Software for interactive graphical analyses]
* [http://www.rank1st.com/website_monitoring/index.html Website Analytics and Monitoring]
=== Sumber lainnya ===
*[http://www.sixsigmafirst.com/anova.htm ANOVA]
*[http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/index.html Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Alabama)] ''(requires MathML and Java 2 Runtime Environment)''
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/2000-2/resources.htm Resources for Teaching and Learning about Probability and Statistics (ERIC Digests)]
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/1993/marriage.htm Resampling: A Marriage of Computers and Statistics (ERIC Digests)]
* [http://www.execpc.com/~helberg/statframes.html Statistical Resources on the Web]
* [http://www.conceptstew.co.uk/PAGES/s4t_glossary_A.html Statistics glossary]
[[Category:Statistik|*]]
[[Category:Matematika terapan]]
[[Category:Disiplin akademik]]
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