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Agro1986 (bicara | kontrib)
119 suntingan
terjemahan en - jangan ubah2 dulu, sedang kutulis lanjutannya...
 
Agro1986 (bicara | kontrib)
119 suntingan
tambahan terjemahan en - untuk saat ini selesai, silakan yang mau cek/nambah
Baris 14:
; 下さる (kudasaru) : "memberi", 下 dibaca "kuda"
; 下りる (oriru) : "turun", 下 dibaca "o"
 
==Infleksi==
 
[[Adjektiva]] di bahasa Jepang menggunakan ''okurigana'' untuk memuat berbagai informasi [[tata bahasa]]. Berikut diberikan contohnya untuk ''kanji'' 長 (panjang):
 
; 長い (nagai) : Panjang (bentuk positif)
; 長くない (nagakunai) : Tidak panjang (bentuk negatif)
; 長かった (nagakatta) : Dulu panjang (bentuk positif, lampau)
; 長くなかった (nagakunakatta) : Dulu tidak panjang (bentuk negatif, lampau)
 
[[Verba]] mengikuti pola yang sama. Arti dasarnya ditulis menggunakan ''kanji'' dan infleksinya ditulis menggunakan ''okurigana''. Inilah contohnya untuk kanji 食 (makan):
 
; 食べる (taberu) : Makan (bentuk positif)
; 食べない (tabenai) : Tidak makan (bentuk negatif)
; 食べた (tabeta) : Telah makan/Dulu (kemarin, tadi pagi, dsb.) makan (bentuk positif, lampau)
; 食べなかった (tabenakatta) : Belum makan/dulu (kemarin, tadi pagi, dsb.) tidak makan (bentuk negatif, lampau)
 
==Aturan==
 
Walaupun Departemen Pendidikan Jepang menuliskan aturan penggunaan ''okurigana'', banyak variasi yang digunakan terutama di tulisan lama dan dunia maya. Sebagai contoh, cara standar menulis "kuregata" (malam) adalah 暮れ方 namun bentuk variannya 暮方 juga bisa ditemukan.
 
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dari wp-en yang belum diterjemahkan:
 
Another example includes a common verb with different meanings based on the ''okurigana'':
Baris 22 ⟶ 44:
; 話し (hanashi) : noun form of the verb hanasu, "to speak". Example: 話し言葉と書き言葉 (hanashi kotoba to kaki kotoba), meaning "spoken words and written words".
; 話 (hanashi) : noun, meaning "a story" or "a talk". Example: 話はいかが？ (hanashi wa ikaga?), meaning "How about a story?"
 
While the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Education]] prescribes rules on how to use ''okurigana'', in practice there is much variation, particularly in older texts and online. As an example, the standard spelling of the word "kuregata" is 暮れ方, but it will sometimes be seen as 暮方.
 
==Inflection examples==
 
[[Adjective]]s in Japanese use ''okurigana'' to indicate [[Grammatical_aspect|aspect]] and affirmation/negation, with all adjectives using the same pattern of suffixes for each case. A simple example uses the character "高" (high) to express the four basic cases of a Japanese adjective. The root meaning of the word is expressed via the ''kanji'' ("高", read ''taka'' and meaning "high" in each of these cases), but crucial information (negation and aspect) can only be understood by reading the ''okurigana'' following the kanji stem.
 
; 高い (takai) : High (positive, imperfective), meaning "[It is] expensive" or "[It is] high"
; 高かった (takakatta) : High (positive, perfective), meaning "[It was] expensive/high"
; 高くない (takakunai) : High (negative, imperfective), meaning "[It is not] expensive/high"
; 高くなかった (takakunakatta) : High (negative, perfective), meaning "[It was not] expensive/high"
 
Japanese [[verb|verbs]] follow a similar pattern; the root meaning is generally expressed by using one or more ''kanji'' at the start of the word, and then aspect, negation, [[Japanese_language#Politeness|grammatical politeness]], and other language features are expressed by following ''okurigana''.
 
; 食べる (taberu) : To eat (positive, imperfective, direct politeness), meaning "[I/you/etc.] eat"
; 食べない (tabenai) : To eat (negative, imperfective, direct), meaning "[I/you/etc.] do not eat"
; 食べた (tabeta) : To eat (positive, perfective, direct), meaning "[I/you/etc.] ate/have eaten"
; 食べなかった (tabenakatta) : To eat (negative, perfective, direct), meaning "[I/you/etc.] did not eat/have not eaten"
 
Compare the direct polite verb forms to their distant forms, which follow a similar pattern, but whose meaning indicates more distance between the speaker and the listener:
Baris 47 ⟶ 53:
; 食べました (tabemashita) : To eat (positive, perfective, distant), meaning "[My group/your group] ate/has eaten"
; 食べませんでした (tabemasen deshita) : To eat (negative, perfective, distant), meaning "[My group/your group] did not eat/has not eaten"
 
 
 
[[category:Kana]]
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