Aritmetika dasar: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Aritmetika dasar''' ('''Aritmetika elementer'''; {{lang-en|Elementary arithmetic}}) adalah bagian yang disederhanakan dari [[aritmetika]] yang memuat operasi [[penjumlahan]], [[pengurangan]], [[perkalian]], dan [[pembagian]]. Tidak sama dengan [[:en:elementary function arithmetic|fungsi elementer aritmetika]].

 

 

Aritmetika dasar juga termasuk [[pecahan]] dan [[bilangan negatif]], yang dapat direpresentasikan pada suatu [[garis bilangan]].

 

 

Any numeral system defines the value of all numbers that contain more than one digit, most often by addition of the value for adjacent digits. The [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] includes [[positional notation]] to determine the value for any numeral. In this type of system, the increase in value for an additional digit includes one or more multiplications with the [[radix]] value and the result is added to the value of an adjacent digit. With Arabic numerals, the radix value of ten produces a value of twenty-one (equal to 2×10 + 1) for the numeral "21". An additional multiplication with the radix value occurs for each additional digit, so the numeral "201" represents a value of two-hundred-and-one (equal to 2×10×10 + 0×10 + 1).

 

The elementary level of study typically includes understanding the value of individual [[Integer|whole numbers]] using Arabic numerals with a maximum of seven digits, and performing the four basic operations using Arabic numerals with a maximum of four digits each.

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!+ !!0 !!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9

|9 ||10 ||11 ||12 ||13 ||14 ||15 ||16 ||17 ||style="background:#cff"|18

|}

===What does it mean to add two natural numbers? ===

Suppose you have two bags, one bag holding five apples and a second bag holding three apples. Grabbing a third, empty bag, move all the apples from the first and second bags into the third bag. The third bag now holds eight apples. This illustrates the combination of three apples and five apples is eight apples; or more generally: "three plus five is eight" or "three plus five equals eight" or "eight is the sum of three and five". Numbers are abstract, and the addition of a group of three things to a group of five things will yield a group of eight things. Addition is a regrouping: two sets of objects that were counted separately are put into a single group and counted together: the count of the new group is the "sum" of the separate counts of the two original groups.

If at least one of the numbers has a hundreds-digit then if one of the numbers has a missing hundreds-digit then write a 0 digit in its place. Add the two hundreds-digits, and to their sum add the carry digit if there is one. Then write the sum of the hundreds-column under the line, also in the hundreds column. If the sum has two digits then write down the last digit of the sum in the hundreds-column and write the carry digit to its left: on the thousands-column.

 

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|6 ||5 ||3

|}

 

 

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As a final caution, the borrowing method gets a bit complicated in cases such as {{nowrap|100 − 87}}, where a borrow cannot be made immediately, and must be obtained by reaching across several columns. In this case, the minuend is effectively rewritten as {{nowrap|90 + 10}}, by taking a 100 from the hundreds, making ten 10s from it, and immediately borrowing that down to nine 10s in the tens column and finally placing a 10 in the ones column.

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!× !!0 !!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9

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===What does it mean to multiply two natural numbers?===

Suppose there are five red bags, each one containing three apples. Now grabbing an empty green bag, move all the apples from all five red bags into the green bag. Now the green bag will have fifteen apples.<br>

:<math>789 \times 345 = 272205</math>.

 

In [[mathematics]], especially in elementary [[arithmetic]], '''division''' is an arithmetic operation which is the inverse of [[multiplication]].

 

In the United States, the 1989 [[NCTM]] standards led to curricula which de-emphasized or omitted much of what was considered to be elementary arithmetic in elementary school, and replaced it with emphasis on topics traditionally studied in college such as algebra, statistics and problem solving, and non-standard computation methods unfamiliar to most adults.

 

==Lihat pula==

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