Yehohanan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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[[File:Hombre de Giv'at ha-Mivtar..jpg|thumb|Penyaliban Yehohanan.]]
'''Yehohanan''' (''Jehohanan'') adalah nama seseorang yang pernah hidup pada [[abad pertama]] M, yang bekas-bekas mayatnya diketemukan dalam suatu [[:en:ossuary|ossuary]] dan kematiannya jelas disebabkan karena [[penyaliban]]. Ossuary itu diketemukan pada tahun 1968 ketika para kontraktor bangunan yang bekerja di [[:en:Givat HaMivtar|Giv'at ha-Mivtar]], suatu pemukiman [[Yahudi]] di bagian utara [[Yerusalem Timur]], tidak sengaja membuka suatu makam Yahudi kuno.<ref>Tzaferis, V. 1970 Jewish Tombs at and near Giv'at ha-Mivtar. Israel Exploration Journal Vol.20 pp. 18-32.</ref> Kotak mayat dari batu atau ossuary Yahudi itu memuat tulisan [[bahasa Ibrani]] "Yehohanan ben Ha-galgula" (dapat pula dibaca "Yohanan ben Ha-galgol" atau "Hagkol"). Dari observasi antropologis awal pada tahun 1970 di [[Hebrew University]], Nicu Haas menyimpulkan bahwa Yehohanan disalibkan dengan lengannya terentang dengan ujung lengan dipaku, menguatkan cara penyaliban menggunakan dua bilah kayu sebagaimana [[salib Kristen]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.centuryone.org/crucifixion2.html Joe Zias, ''Crucifixion in Antiquity - The Evidence'']</ref> Namun, pada tahun 1985 didapati ada sejumlah kesalahan observasi sehingga dilakukan perbaikan.<ref name="ReferenceD">"Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence," ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', Vol. 11 (1985), pp. 44-53</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Fitzmyer, Yadin, "Epigraphy and Crucifixion," Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 23(1973), pp. 494-498.</ref>
 
== Observasi antropologi ==
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=== ''Reappraisal'', Zias & Sekeles, 1985 ===
Pada tahun 1985, [[:en:Joe Zias|Joe Zias]], kurator [[:en:Israel Antiquities Authority|Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums]], dan Dr. Eliezer Sekeles, dari [[:en:Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Medical Center]], meneliti ulang mayat tersebut. Mereka menemukan kesalahan-kesalahan observasi yang dilakukan oleh Haas:
 
{{quotation|Paku itu lebih pendek dari yang dilaporkan oleh Haas sehingga tidak cukup panjang untuk menembus dua tulang [[tumit]] kaki dan kayu salib. Potongan-potongan tulang telah keliru diidentifikasi. Tidak ada tulang dari tumit kedua; paku itu ditancapkan pada satu tumit saja. Sejumlah pecahan tulang berasal dari orang lain.<ref name="ReferenceB">Zias and Sekeles, "The Crucified Man from Giv'at ha-Mitvar: A Reappraisal," Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 35 (1985), pp. 22-27;</ref>|''Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 35, 1985''}}
 
Zias dan Sekeles juga meyatakan adanya keratan pada salah satu lengan yang "bukan merupakan bukti meyakinkan" untuk luka paku.<!--:
 
{{quotation|Many non-traumatic scratches and indentations similar to these are found on ancient skeletal material. In fact, two similar non-traumatic indentations were observed on the right fibula, neither are connected with the crucifixion...Thus, the lack of traumatic injury to the forearm and metacarpals of the hand seems to suggest that the arms of the condemned were tied rather than nailed to the cross.<ref name="ReferenceC">Zias and Sekeles, "The Crucified Man from Giv'at ha-Mitvar: A Reappraisal," Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 35 (1985), pp. 24;</ref>|''Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 35, 1985''}}
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{{quotation|In reconstructing the crucifixion we have used the skeletal evidence which was available in conjunction with observations by Haas, Barbet[19] and the ancient historical sources. According to these sources, the condemned man never carried the complete cross, as is commonly believed; instead the crossbar was carried, while the upright was set in a permanent place where it was used for subsequent executions. Furthermore, we know from Josephus that during the first century C.E., wood was so scarce in Jerusalem that the Romans were forced to travel ten miles from Jerusalem to secure timber for their siege machinery.[20] Therefore, one can reasonably assume that the scarcity of wood may have been expressed in the economics of crucifixion in that the crossbar as well as the upright would be used repeatedly. Thus, the lack of traumatic injury to the forearm and metacarpals of the hand seems to suggest that the arms of the condemned were tied rather than nailed to the cross. There is ample literary and artistic evidence for the use of ropes rather than nails to secure the condemned to the cross.[21] Moreover, in Egypt, where according to one source crucifixion originated, the victim was not nailed but tied.[22] It is important to remember that death by crucifixion was the result of the manner in which the condemned man hung from the cross and not the traumatic injury caused by nailing. Hanging from the cross resulted in a painful process of asphyxiation, in which the two sets of muscles used for breathing, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, became progressively weakened. In time, the condemned man expired, due to the inability to continue breathing properly.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> |''Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 35 (1985)''}}
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]]
* [[Penyaliban Yesus]]
 
==Referensi==
{{reflist}}