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==Geografi dan geologi ==
Nama "Gunung Karmel" telah digunakan dalam tiga cara berbeda:<ref name="Biblica"/>
* Merujuk kepada deretan pegunungan sepanjang 39&nbsp;km (24 mil), membentang ke tenggara sampai ke [[Jenin]].
* Merujuk kepada bagian barat laut pegunungan ini sepanjang {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
* Merujuk kepada semenanjung di bagian barat laut pegunungan ini.
 
Pegunungan Karmel lebarnya sekitar {{convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} sampai {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}}, melandai ke arah barat daya, tetapi membentuk tebing curam di sisi timur laut setinggi {{convert|546|m|ft|abbr=off}}. [[Lembah Yizreel]] terletak bersebelahan di timur laut. Pegunungan ini membentuk penghalang alamiah pada pertanahan, sebagaimana lembah Yizreel membentuk jalur alamiah, sehingga pegunungan dan lembah ini berpengaruh besar pada migrasi dan invasi melintasi Levant dari waktu ke waktu.<ref name="Biblica"/> Formasi pegunungan adalah campuran antara [[limestone]] dan [[flint]], mempunyai banyak gua dan ditutupi oleh sejumlah batuan vulkanik.<ref name="Biblica"/><ref name="J Enc"/> Sisi yang landai dari gunung ini ditutupi oleh banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan, termasuk [[ek]], [[pinus]], [[zaitun]], dan [[:en:Lauraceae|laurel]] trees.<ref name="J Enc"/>
 
Beberapa kota modern terletak di pegunungan ini, termasuk [[Yokneam]] pada tebing timur, [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] pada lereng selatan, komunitas [[Druze]], [[Daliyat al-Karmel]] dan [[Isfiya]], pada bagian tengah tebing, dan kota-kota [[Nesher]], [[Tirat Hakarmel]], dan kota [[Haifa]], pada ujung [[promontory]] barat laut dan kaki gunung. Ada juga sebuah kibbutz kecil bernama [[Beit Oren]], yang terletak pada salah satu puncaknya di sebelah tenggara Haifa.
 
{{wide image|Abreekpano.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the Carmel mountain range}}▼
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== Sejarah paleolitik ==▼
Several modern towns are located on the range, including [[Yokneam]] on the eastern ridge, [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] on the southern slope, the [[Druze]] communities of [[Daliyat al-Karmel]] and [[Isfiya]] on the more central part of the ridge, and the towns of [[Nesher]], [[Tirat Hakarmel]], and the city of [[Haifa]], on the far northwestern [[promontory]] and its base. There is also a small kibbutz called [[Beit Oren]], which is located on one of the highest points in the range to the southeast of Haifa.
As part of a 1929&ndash;1934 campaign,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jane|last=Callander|title=Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37443|accessdate=2011-02-14}}</ref> between 1930 and 1932, [[Dorothy Garrod]] excavated four caves, and a number of rock shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Garrod discovered [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html|title=From ‘small, dark and alive’ to ‘cripplingly shy’: Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa)|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> There are also several well-preserved burials of Neanderthals and [[Homo sapiens]] and passage from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to complex, sedentary agricultural societies is extensively documented at the site. Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=The Zinman Institute of Archaeology - Excavations and Surveys|publisher=Arch.haifa.ac.il|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>▼
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== Sebagai lokasi strategis ==
▲{{wide image|Abreekpano.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the Carmel mountain range}}
Karena banyaknya tumbuhan di lereng gunung yang landai dan gua-gua di bagian gunung yang curam, Karmel menjadi tempat persembunyian para kriminal;<ref name="Biblica"/> Karmel dipandang sebagai tempat pelarian dari [[Yahweh]], sebagaimana tersirat dalam [[Kitab Amos]].<ref name="Biblica"/><ref>{{Alkitab|Amos 9:3}}</ref> Menurut [[Kitab 2 Raja-raja]], nabi [[Elisa bin Safat|Elisa]] pergi ke Karmel segera setelah mengutuk sejumlah orang muda karena mereka menghina dia dan menghina kenaikan Elia dengan mengolok-olok, "Naiklah, hai orang botak!" Setelah itu, beruang-beruang keluar dari hutan membunuh 42 orang di antara mereka.<ref>{{Alkitab|2 Raja-raja 2:25}}</ref> Ini bukan berarti Elisa mengasingkan diri ke sana dari kemungkinan serangan balik,<ref name="Biblica"/> meskipun pemerian dalam [[Kitab Amos]], mengenai lokasi itu sebagai tempat pengasingan, oleh para sarjana diberi tarikh lebih awal dari kisah Elisa dalam [[Kitab 2 Raja-raja]],<ref>''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', ''[[2 Raja-raja 2]]''</ref><ref>''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', ''[[Amos 9]]''</ref> dan menurut [[Strabo]] terus menjadi tempat pengasingan sampai paling tidak abad pertama Masehi.<ref>Strabo, ''[[:en:Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]''</ref>
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According toMenurut [[:en:Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]],<ref>Epiphanius of Salamis, ''Panarion'' 1:18</ref> and [[Josephus]],<ref>Josephus, ''[[War of the Jews]]''</ref> Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the [[Essenes]] that came from a place in [[Galilee]] named ''[[Nazareth]]''; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as ''Nazareans'', they are not to be confused with the "[[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]" sect, which followed the teachings of [[Jesus]], but associated with the [[Pharisees]]. Members of the modern American groups claiming to be ''Essenes'', but viewed by scholars as having no ties to the historical group,<ref>J Gordon Melton, ''Encyclopedia of American Religions''</ref> treat Mount Carmel as having great religious significance on account of the protection it afforded to the historic Essene group.▼
▲== Sejarah ==
 
===Paleolithic history===
▲As part of a 1929&ndash;1934 campaign,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jane|last=Callander|title=Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37443|accessdate=2011-02-14}}</ref> between 1930 and 1932, [[Dorothy Garrod]] excavated four caves, and a number of rock shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Garrod discovered [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html|title=From ‘small, dark and alive’ to ‘cripplingly shy’: Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa)|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> There are also several well-preserved burials of Neanderthals and [[Homo sapiens]] and passage from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to complex, sedentary agricultural societies is extensively documented at the site. Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=The Zinman Institute of Archaeology - Excavations and Surveys|publisher=Arch.haifa.ac.il|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
 
===As a strategic location===
Due to the lush vegetation on the sloped hillside, and many caves on the steeper side, Carmel became the haunt of criminals;<ref name="Biblica"/> Carmel was seen as a place offering an escape from [[Yahweh]], as implied by the [[Book of Amos]].<ref name="Biblica"/><ref>{{Bibleverse||Amos|9:3|}}</ref> According to the [[Books of Kings]], [[Elisha]] travelled to Carmel straight after cursing a group of young men because they had mocked him and the ascension of Elijah by jeering, "Go on up, bald man!" After this, bears came out of the forest and mauled 42 of them.<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|2:25|}}</ref> This does not necessarily imply that Elisha had sought asylum there from any potential backlash,<ref name="Biblica"/> although the description in the Book of Amos, of the location being a refuge, is dated by textual scholars to be earlier than the accounts of Elisha in the Book of Kings,<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Books of Kings''</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Amos''</ref> and according to [[Strabo]] it had continued to be a place of refuge until at least the first century.<ref>Strabo, ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]''</ref>
 
▲According to [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]],<ref>Epiphanius of Salamis, ''Panarion'' 1:18</ref> and [[Josephus]],<ref>Josephus, ''[[War of the Jews]]''</ref> Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the [[Essenes]] that came from a place in [[Galilee]] named ''[[Nazareth]]''; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as ''Nazareans'', they are not to be confused with the "[[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]" sect, which followed the teachings of [[Jesus]], but associated with the [[Pharisees]]. Members of the modern American groups claiming to be ''Essenes'', but viewed by scholars as having no ties to the historical group,<ref>J Gordon Melton, ''Encyclopedia of American Religions''</ref> treat Mount Carmel as having great religious significance on account of the protection it afforded to the historic Essene group.
 
During [[World War I]], Mount Carmel played a significant strategic role. The (20th century) [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] took place at the head of a pass through the [[Carmel Ridge]], which overlooks the [[Jezreel Valley|Valley of Jezreel]] from the south. [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Allenby]] led the British in the battle, which was the turning point in the war against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Jezreel Valley had played host to many battles before, including the very historically significant [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]] between the [[Egypt]]ians and Canaanites, but it was only in the 20th century battle that the Carmel Ridge itself played a significant part, due to the developments in [[munitions]].
Baris 120 ⟶ 118:
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Ahab]]
* [[Amos]]
* [[Baal]]
* [[Elia]]
* [[2010Elisa Mountbin Carmel forest fireSafat]]
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[1 Raja-raja 18]], [[2 Raja-raja 2]], [[Amos 9]]
 
== Referensi ==
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Karmel"