Gunung Karmel: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Gunung Karmel''' ({{lang-he-n|הַר הַכַּרְמֶל}}, ''Har HaKarmel'' (''lit.'' kebun anggur Tuhan); {{lang-el|Κάρμηλος}}, ''Kármēlos''; {{lang-ar|الكرمل}}, ''Kurmul'') adalah jajaran gunung di pantai [[Israel]] utara, terbentang dari [[Laut Mediterania]] ke arah tenggara. Arkeolog telah menemukan anggur kuno dan pengepresan minyak di berbagai lokasi di Gunung Karmel.<ref name="Biblica">Cheyne and Black, ''[[:en:Encyclopedia Biblica|Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref><ref name="J Enc">''Jewish encyclopedia''</ref> Jajaran ini adalah cadangan biosfer UNESCOdan sejumlah kota-kota yang terletak di sana, terutama kota [[Haifa]], kota terbesar ketiga di [[Israel]], terletak di lereng utara.
==Geografi dan geologi ==
Nama "Gunung Karmel" telah digunakan dalam tiga cara berbeda:<ref name="Biblica"/>
*Merujuk kepada deretan pegunungan sepanjang 39 km (24 mil), membentang ke tenggara sampai ke [[Jenin]].
*Merujuk kepada bagian barat laut pegunungan ini sepanjang {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
*Merujuk kepada semenanjung di bagian barat laut pegunungan ini.
Pegunungan Karmel lebarnya sekitar {{convert|6.5|to|8|km|1|abbr=off}}, melandai ke arah barat daya, tetapi membentuk tebing curam di sisi timur laut setinggi {{convert|546|m|0|abbr=off}}. [[Lembah Yizreel]] terletak bersebelahan di timur laut. Pegunungan ini membentuk penghalang alamiah pada pertanahan, sebagaimana lembah Yizreel membentuk jalur alamiah, sehingga pegunungan dan lembah ini berpengaruh besar pada migrasi dan invasi melintasi Levant dari waktu ke waktu.<ref name="Biblica"/> Formasi pegunungan adalah campuran antara [[limestone]] dan [[flint]], mempunyai banyak gua dan ditutupi oleh sejumlah batuan vulkanik.<ref name="Biblica"/><ref name="J Enc"/> Sisi yang landai dari gunung ini ditutupi oleh banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan, termasuk [[ek]], [[pinus]], [[zaitun]], dan [[:en:Lauraceae|laurel]] trees.<ref name="J Enc"/>
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Several modern towns are located on the range, including [[Yokneam]] on the eastern ridge, [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] on the southern slope, the [[Druze]] communities of [[Daliyat al-Karmel]] and [[Isfiya]] on the more central part of the ridge, and the towns of [[Nesher]], [[Tirat Hakarmel]], and the city of [[Haifa]], on the far northwestern [[promontory]] and its base. There is also a small kibbutz called [[Beit Oren]], which is located on one of the highest points in the range to the southeast of Haifa.
{{wide image|Abreekpano.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the Carmel mountain range}}
== Sejarah ==
===Paleolithic history===
As part of a 1929–1934 campaign,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jane|last=Callander|title=Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37443|accessdate=2011-02-14}}</ref> between 1930 and 1932, [[Dorothy Garrod]] excavated four caves, and a number of rock shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Garrod discovered [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html|title=From ‘small, dark and alive’ to ‘cripplingly shy’: Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa)|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> There are also several well-preserved burials of Neanderthals and [[Homo sapiens]] and passage from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to complex, sedentary agricultural societies is extensively documented at the site. Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php|title=The Zinman Institute of Archaeology - Excavations and Surveys|publisher=Arch.haifa.ac.il|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
===As a strategic location===
Due to the lush vegetation on the sloped hillside, and many caves on the steeper side, Carmel became the haunt of criminals;<ref name="Biblica"/> Carmel was seen as a place offering an escape from [[Yahweh]], as implied by the [[Book of Amos]].<ref name="Biblica"/><ref>{{Bibleverse||Amos|9:3|}}</ref> According to the [[Books of Kings]], [[Elisha]] travelled to Carmel straight after cursing a group of young men because they had mocked him and the ascension of Elijah by jeering, "Go on up, bald man!" After this, bears came out of the forest and mauled 42 of them.<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|2:25|}}</ref> This does not necessarily imply that Elisha had sought asylum there from any potential backlash,<ref name="Biblica"/> although the description in the Book of Amos, of the location being a refuge, is dated by textual scholars to be earlier than the accounts of Elisha in the Book of Kings,<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Books of Kings''</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Amos''</ref> and according to [[Strabo]] it had continued to be a place of refuge until at least the first century.<ref>Strabo, ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]''</ref>
According to [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]],<ref>Epiphanius of Salamis, ''Panarion'' 1:18</ref> and [[Josephus]],<ref>Josephus, ''[[War of the Jews]]''</ref> Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the [[Essenes]] that came from a place in [[Galilee]] named ''[[Nazareth]]''; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as ''Nazareans'', they are not to be confused with the "[[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]" sect, which followed the teachings of [[Jesus]], but associated with the [[Pharisees]]. Members of the modern American groups claiming to be ''Essenes'', but viewed by scholars as having no ties to the historical group,<ref>J Gordon Melton, ''Encyclopedia of American Religions''</ref> treat Mount Carmel as having great religious significance on account of the protection it afforded to the historic Essene group.
During [[World War I]], Mount Carmel played a significant strategic role. The (20th century) [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] took place at the head of a pass through the [[Carmel Ridge]], which overlooks the [[Jezreel Valley|Valley of Jezreel]] from the south. [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Allenby]] led the British in the battle, which was the turning point in the war against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Jezreel Valley had played host to many battles before, including the very historically significant [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]] between the [[Egypt]]ians and Canaanites, but it was only in the 20th century battle that the Carmel Ridge itself played a significant part, due to the developments in [[munitions]].
[[Archaeologist]]s have discovered ancient wine and oil presses at various locations on Mt. Carmel.<ref name="Biblica">Cheyne and Black, ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref><ref name="J Enc">''Jewish encyclopedia''</ref>
===As a sacred location===
In ancient [[Canaan]]ite culture, ''high places'' were frequently considered to be sacred, and Mount Carmel appears to have been no exception; [[Thutmose III]] lists a ''holy headland'' among his Canaanite territories, and if this equates to Carmel, as [[egyptology|Egyptologists]] such as [[Gaston Maspero|Maspero]] believe, then it would indicate that the mountain headland was considered sacred from at least the 15th century BC.<ref name="Biblica"/> According to the Books of Kings, there was an altar to God on the mountain, which had fallen into ruin by the time of [[Ahab]], but [[Elijah]] built a new one.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|18:30-32|}}</ref> [[Iamblichus]] describes [[Pythagoras]] visiting the mountain on account of its reputation for sacredness, stating that it was ''the most holy of all mountains, and access was forbidden to many'', while [[Tacitus]] states that there was an [[oracle]] situated there, which [[Vespasian]] visited for a consultation;<ref name="J Enc"/> Tacitus states that there was an altar there,<ref name="Biblica"/> but without any image upon it,<ref name="Biblica"/><ref name="J Enc"/> and without a temple around it.<ref name="J Enc"/>
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== Elia ==
[[File:Grotto of Elijah, Mt Carmel.jpg|thumb|250px|''Grotto'' atau Gua Elia]]
Penganut agama [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]], [[Kristen]], dan [[Islam]]<ref name="Biblica"/> umumnya menghubungkan nabi [[Elia]] dengan gunung ini. Ia diyakini pernah tinggal sementara waktu di sebuah gua ([[grotto]]) di sana. Bahkan, salah satu nama Gunung Karmel dalam [[bahasa Arab]] adalah جبل مار إلياس (''Jabal Mar Elyas''; ''Gunung Santo Elias''). Dalam [[Kitab 1 Raja-raja]], Elia menantang 450 nabi dewa ''[[Baal]]'' untuk bertanding di sebuah mezbah pada Gunung Carmel untuk menentukan sembahan siapa yang benar-benar menguasai [[Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)|Kerajaan Israel]]. Karena naratif itu terjadi pada masa pemerintahan raja [[Ahab]] dan kaitannya dengan orang [[Fenisia]], maka para sarjana [[Alkitab]] menduga bahwa ''Baal'' ini sama dengan [[:en:Melqart|Melqart]].<ref>''[[Peake's commentary on the Bible]]''</ref>
Menurut [[Alkitab Ibrani]] ([[Perjanjian Lama]] pada [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]) bagian [[1 Raja-raja 18]], tantangan itu untuk melihat sembahan mana yang mampu membakar kurban dengan api. Nabi-nabi Baal gagal melakukannya. Elia menyuruh menyirami kurbannya dengan air untuk membasahi seluruh mezbah dan kemudian ia berdoa. Datanglah api dari langit dan membakar habis kurban, mezbah, kayu, batu, tanah dan air yang ada di sana. Segera umat Israel yang melihatnya menyerukan "TUHAN, Dialah Allah! TUHAN, Dialah Allah!". Pada akhirnya, Elia mengumumkan berakhirnya masa kekeringan air; awan-awan berkumpul, langit menjadi gelap dan hujan turun dengan lebat.
Meskipun tidak ada rujukan ke bagian tertentu pada Gunung Karmel di dalam [[Alkitab]],<ref name="Biblica"/> tradisi Islam menempatkan kejadian itu pada suatu titik yang dinamai ''El-Maharrakah'', artinya ''pembakaran''.<ref name="J Enc"/>
== Karmelit ==
[[File:JPF-Cave Of Elijah.JPG|thumb|Patung Elia pada ''crypt'' biara di Gunung Karmel. Menurut tradisi Karmelit, ''crypt'' itu asalnya adalah "Gua Elia".]]
Suatu [[ordo keagamaan Katolik]] yang dibentuk di Gunung Karmel pada abad ke-12 disebut "[[Ordo Karmelit]]", merujuk kepada pegunungan ini. Aturan dasar disebut "Surat Kehidupan" (''Letter of Life'') diberikan oleh Albert, seorang Patriark Latin dari Yerusalem yang tinggal di Acre, sekitar tahun 1210. Biarawan ini dirujuk hanya dengan nama ''Brother B''. Ia mungkin meninggal sekitar tahun 1210 dan diduga seorang peziarah atau seorang yang melakukan pertobatan atau seorang partisipan [[Perang Salib]] yang menetap di Israel. Ordo ini dibentuk di lokasi yang diklaim sebagai "Gua Elia", {{convert|1700|ft|m}} [[di atas permukaan laut]] pada ujung barat daya dari pegunungan ini.<ref name="Biblica"/> Bukan tidak disengaja, tempat ini juga merupakan puncak alamiah tertinggi dari pegunungan tersebut. Meskipun tidak ada dokumen tertulis untuk mendukungnya, tradisi Karmelit menyatakan ada suatu komunitas petapa Yahudi yang tinggal di tempat itu sejak zaman nabi [[Elia]] sampai ordo Karmelit didirikan di sana.<!-- Prefixed to the Carmelite Constitution of 1281 was the claim that from the time when Elijah and [[Elisha]] had ''dwelt devoutly on Mount Carmel'', priests and prophets, Jewish and Christian, had lived "praiseworthy lives in holy [[penitence]]" adjacent to the site of the "fountain of Elisha" in an uninterrupted succession.
A Carmelite [[Stella Maris Monastery|monastery]] was founded at the site shortly after the Order itself was created, and was dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] under the title of "[[Our Lady, Star of the Sea|Star of the Sea]]" ("stella maris" in [[Latin]]), a common medieval presentation of her.<ref name="Biblica"/> Although [[Louis IX of France]] is sometimes named as the founder, he was not, and had merely visited it in 1252.<ref name="J Enc"/> The Carmelite Order grew to be one of the major Catholic [[religious order]]s worldwide, although the monastery at Carmel has had a less successful history. During the [[Crusades]] the monastery often changed hands, frequently being converted into a [[mosque]];<ref name="J Enc"/> under [[Islam]]ic control the location came to be known as "El-Maharrakah", meaning "place of burning", in reference to the account of Elijah's challenge to the priests of Hadad.<ref name="J Enc"/> In 1799 the building was finally converted into a [[hospital]], by [[Napoleon]], but in 1821 the surviving structure was destroyed by the [[pasha]] of [[Damascus]].<ref name="J Enc"/> A new monastery was later constructed directly over a nearby cave, after funds were collected by the Carmelite Order for restoration of the monastery.<ref name="J Enc"/> The cave, which now forms the [[crypt]] of the monastic church, is termed "Elijah's grotto" by the [[Discalced Carmelite]]s friars who have custody of the monastery.<ref name="J Enc"/>
One of the oldest [[scapular]]s is associated with Mount Carmel and the Carmelites. According to Carmelite tradition, the [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] was first given to [[Simon Stock]], an [[England|English]] Carmelite, by the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]. The Carmelites refer to her under the title "[[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]" in honour of the legend, and celebrate 16 July as her feast day.
==== Bahá'í Faith ====
[[File:TerracesBenGurion2.jpg|thumb|The [[Shrine of the Báb]] and its Terraces on Mount Carmel, 2004]]
Mount Carmel is considered a sacred place for [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]] around the world, and is the location of the [[Bahá'í World Centre]] and the [[Shrine of the Báb]]. The location of the Bahá'í holy places has its roots in the imprisonment of the religion's founder, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], near Haifa by the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the Ottoman Empire's rule over [[Palestine]].
The Shrine of the Báb is a structure where the remains of the [[Báb]], the founder of [[Bábism]] and forerunner of [[Bahá'u'lláh]] in the [[Bahá'í Faith]], have been laid to rest. The shrine's precise location on Mount Carmel was designated by Bahá'u'lláh himself and the Báb's remains were laid to rest on March 21, 1909 in a six-room mausoleum made of local stone. The construction of the shrine with a golden dome was completed over the mausoleum in 1953,<ref name="anniversary">{{cite news | title=Golden anniversary of the Queen of Carmel | url=http://news.bahai.org/story/252 | publisher=Bahá'í World News Service. | date=2003-10-12 | accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> and a series of [[The Terraces (Bahá'í)|decorative terraces]] around the shrine were completed in 2001. The white [[marble]]s used were from the same ancient source that most [[Athens|Athenian]] masterpieces were using, the [[Penteliko Mountain]].
[[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, writing in the ''[[Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh#Lawh-i-Karmil (Tablet of Carmel)|Tablet of Carmel]]'', designated the area around the shrine as the location for the [[Bahá'í World Centre|administrative headquarters]] of the religion; the Bahá'í administrative buildings were constructed adjacent to the decorative terraces, and are referred to as ''[[The Arc (Bahá'í)|the Arc]]'', on account of their physical arrangement.
==== Ahmadiyya Muslim Community ====
[[File:Haifamosque222.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahmood Mosque (Kababir)|Kababir Mosque]]]]
The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] has its largest Israeli mosque on Mount Carmel known as the [[Mahmood Mosque (Kababir)|Mahmood Mosque]] in [[Kababir]]. It is a unique structure composed of two minarets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng/modules/article/view.article.php/c12/67|title=Holy Sites in Haifa|publisher=Tour-Haifa|accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> The mosque was once visited by the [[president of Israel]], [[Shimon Peres]], for an [[iftar]] dinner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKC-m6pq4Uo|title=Shimon Peres visits Ahmadiyya Mosque in Kababir Israel|publisher=youtube|accessdate=4 December 2010}}</ref>
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Elia]]
* [[2010 Mount Carmel forest fire]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
==Pranala luar==
{{Commons category|Mount Carmel}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmel}}▼
*[http://www.bibleplaces.com/mtcarmel.htm Mount Carmel - BiblePlaces.com], pictures and text illuminating the biblical site
{{National parks of Israel}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Israel}}
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmel}}
[[Kategori:Gunung di Israel]]
[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]
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