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[[File:2007-09-20-57-kalimantan-foresta.jpg|thumb|300px|Hutan di [[Kalimantan]] ]]
'''Vegetasi''' (dari [[bahasa Inggris]]: ''vegetation'') dalam [[ekologi]] adalah istilah untuk keseluruhan [[komunitas (ekologi)|komunitas]] [[tetumbuhan]]. Vegetasi merupakan bagian hidup yang tersusun dari tetumbuhan yang menempati suatu [[ekosistem]]. Beraneka tipe [[hutan]], [[kebun]], [[padang rumput]], dan [[tundra]] merupakan contoh-contoh vegetasi.▼
[[File:Flora of Tanzania 2328 Nevit.jpg|thumb|Sabana di [[Tanzania]] ]]
[[File:Bierikjåhkå Sarek.JPG|thumb|Tundra di Taman Nasional Sarek, [[Swedia]] ]]
▲'''Vegetasi''' (dari [[bahasa Inggris]]: '''''vegetation''''') dalam [[ekologi]] adalah istilah untuk keseluruhan [[komunitas (ekologi)|komunitas]] [[tetumbuhan]] di suatu tempat tertentu, mencakup baik perpaduan komunal dari jenis-jenis [[flora]] penyusunnya maupun tutupan lahan (''ground cover'') yang dibentuknya<ref name=Burrows>{{Cite book|last=Burrows|first=Colin J.|year=1990|title=Processes of vegetation change.|publisher=Unwin Hyman|location=London|isbn=0045800138|page=1}}</ref>. Vegetasi merupakan bagian hidup yang tersusun dari tetumbuhan yang menempati suatu [[ekosistem]], atau, dalam area yang lebih sempit, [[relung ekologis]]. Beraneka tipe [[hutan]], [[kebun]], [[padang rumput]], dan [[tundra]] merupakan contoh-contoh vegetasi.
Istilah vegetasi berbeda, dan lebih luas cakupannya, dari [[flora]]. Pengertian '''flora''' hanya merujuk kepada kekayaan jenis tetumbuhan yang ada di suatu wilayah atau kurun waktu tertentu; sedangkan '''vegetasi''' dicirikan pula oleh kekayaan bentuk hidup (''life form''), struktur, periodisitas; selain juga oleh ciri-ciri [[floristik]] yang khas. Istilah vegetasi atau tipe vegetasi hampir sama pengertiannya, dan sering pula dipertukarkan, dengan '''komunitas tetumbuhan'''; namun yang akhir ini umumnya memiliki cakupan wilayah yang lebih sempit. Tipe vegetasi dibedakan berdasarkan karakter floristik tertentu, misalnya asosiasi spesies-spesies yang dominan, atau karakter lingkungan seperti jenis [[tanah]] dan [[iklim]].
[[Analisis vegetasi]] biasa dilakukan oleh ilmuwan ekologi untuk mempelajari kemelimpahan jenis serta struktur ([[biomasa]], kerapatan tumbuh,
==Klasifikasi vegetasi==
[[File:Bergwiese-Kaernten-2008-Thomas Huntke.jpg|thumb|Aneka bunga di padang rumput. [[Jerman]] ]]
[[Image:Vegetation-no-legend.PNG|left|700px|Biomes classified by vegetsert]]
{| style="width: 100%;"
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{{legend|#9fd6c9|[[Tundra]]}}
{{legend|#006d64|[[Taiga]]}}
{{legend|#a4e05d|[[Hutan daun lebar dan campuran iklim sedang]]}}
{{legend|#f7ec6f|[[Stepa iklim sedang]]}}
{{legend|#0d7e0d|[[Hutan lembab ugahari]]}}
|
{{legend|#907699|[[Vegetasi Mediterania]]}}
{{legend|#6f956f|[[Hutan musim]]}}
{{legend|#95583c|[[Gurun]]}}
{{legend|#b97553|[[Gurun bersemak]]}}
{{legend|#9b8447|[[Stepa kering]]}}
{{legend|#deb887|[[Semi-gurun]]}}
|
{{legend|#cdc954|[[Sabana rumput]]}}
{{legend|#aca719|[[Sabana pohon]]}}
{{legend|#768e34|[[Hutan beriklim kering]]}}
{{legend|#005c00|[[Hutan hujan tropika]]}}
{{legend|#a7bddb|[[Tundra alpina]]}}
{{legend|#3c9798|[[Hutan pegunungan]]}}
|}
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Much of the work on vegetation classification comes from European and North American ecologists, and they have fundamentally different approaches. In North America, vegetation types are based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, [[plant habit]], [[phenology]] and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the [[U.S. National Vegetation Classification|current US standard]] (adopted by the [[Federal Geographic Data Committee]] (FGDC), and originally developed by [[UNESCO]] and [[The Nature Conservancy]]), the classification is [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] and incorporates the non-floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels and limited floristic criteria only into the lower (most specific) two levels. In Europe, classification often relies much more heavily, sometimes entirely, on floristic (species) composition alone, without explicit reference to climate, phenoloogy or growth forms. It often emphasizes [[Indicator value|indicator or diagnostic species]] which may distinguish one classification from another.
In the FGDC standard, the hierarchy levels, from most general to most specific, are: ''system, class, subclass, group, formation, alliance, ''and'' association''. The lowest level, or association, is thus the most precisely defined, and incorporates the names of the dominant one to three (usually two) species of a type. An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be "''Forest, canopy cover > 60%''"; at the level of a formation as "''Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest''"; at the level of alliance as "''Arbutus menziesii'' forest"; and at the level of association as "''Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflora'' forest", referring to Pacific madrone-tanoak forests which occur in California and Oregon, USA. In practice, the levels of the alliance and/or association are the most often used, particularly in vegetation mapping, just as the Latin binomial is most often used in discussing particular species in taxonomy and in general communication.
[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in [[Australia]] classifies its vegetation by [[Ecological Vegetation Class]].
==Dynamics==
Like all the biological systems, plant communities are temporally and spatially dynamic; they change at all possible scales. Dynamism in vegetation is defined primarily as changes in species composition and/or vegetation structure.
===Temporal dynamics===
Temporally, a large number of processes or events can cause change, but for sake of simplicity they can be categorized roughly as either abrupt or gradual. Abrupt changes are generally referred to as [[Disturbance (ecology)|disturbance]]s; these include things like [[wildfire]]s, high [[winds]], [[landslide]]s, [[flood]]s, [[avalanche]]s and the like. Their causes are usually external ([[exogenous]]) to the community—they are natural processes occurring (mostly) independently of the natural processes of the community (such as germination, growth, death, etc.). Such events can change vegetation structure and composition very quickly and for long time periods, and they can do so over large areas. Very few ecosystems are without some type of disturbance as a regular and recurring part of the long term [[system]] dynamic. [[Fire]] and wind disturbances are particularly common throughout many vegetation types worldwide. Fire is particularly potent because of its ability to destroy not only living plants, but also the seeds, spores, and living [[meristem]]s representing the potential next generation, and because of fire's impact on fauna populations, soil characteristics and other ecosystem elements and processes (for further discussion of this topic see [[fire ecology]]).
Temporal change at a slower pace is ubiquitous; it comprises the field of [[ecological succession]]. Succession is the relatively gradual change in structure and taxonomic composition that arises as the vegetation itself modifies various environmental variables over time, including light, water and [[nutrient]] levels. These modifications change the suite of species most adapted to grow, survive and reproduce in an area, causing floristic changes. These floristic changes contribute to structural changes that are inherent in plant growth even in the absence of species changes (especially where plants have a large maximum size, i.e. trees), causing slow and broadly predictable changes in the vegetation. Succession can be interrupted at any time by disturbance, setting the system either back to a previous state, or off on another [[trajectory]] altogether. Because of this, successional processes may or may not lead to some static, [[climax community|final state]]. Moreover, accurately predicting the characteristics of such a state, even if it does arise, is not always possible. In short, vegetative communities are subject to many variables that together set limits on the predictability of future conditions.
===Spatial dynamics===
As a general rule, the larger an area under consideration, the more likely the vegetation will be heterogeneous across it. Two main factors are at work. First, the temporal dynamics of disturbance and succession are increasingly unlikely to be in [[synchrony]] across any area as the size of that area increases. That is, different areas will be at different developmental stages due to different local histories, particularly their times since last major disturbance. This fact interacts with inherent environmental variability (e.g. in soils, climate, topography, etc.), which is also a function of area. Environmental variability constrains the suite of species that can occupy a given area, and the two factors together interact to create a mosaic of vegetation conditions across the landscape. Only in [[agricultural]] or [[horticultural]] systems does vegetation ever approach perfect uniformity. In natural systems, there is always heterogeneity, although its scale and intensity will vary widely. A natural [[grassland]] may be homogeneous when compared to the same area of partially burned forest.
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==Lihat pula==
*[[Biocoenosis]]
*[[Bioma]]
*[[Suksesi ekologis]]
*[[Ekoregion]]
*[[Ekosistem]]
==Catatan kaki==
{{reflist}}
==Rujukan dan bacaan lanjutan==
*Archibold, O. W. ''Ecology of World Vegetation''. [[New York City|New York]]: Springer Publishing, 1994.
*Barbour, M. G. and W. D. Billings (editors). ''North American Terrestrial Vegetation''. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1999.
*Barbour, M.G, J.H. Burk, and W.D. Pitts. "Terrestrial Plant Ecology". Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings, 1987.
*Breckle, S-W. ''Walter's Vegetation of the Earth.'' New York: Springer Publishing, 2002.
*Burrows, C. J. ''Processes of Vegetation Change''. [[Oxford]]: Routledge Press, 1990.
*Feldmeyer-Christie, E., N. E. Zimmerman, and S. Ghosh. ''Modern Approaches In Vegetation Monitoring''. [[Budapest]]: Akademiai Kiado, 2005.
*Gleason, H.A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 53:1-20.
*Grime, J.P. 1987. ''Plant strategies and vegetation processes''. Wiley Interscience, New York NY.
*Kabat, P., et al. (editors). ''Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate: A New Perspective on an Interactive System''. [[Heidelberg]]: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] 2004.
*Macarthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson. ''The theory of Island Biogeography''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1967
*Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. ''Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology.'' The Blackburn Press, 2003.
*Van Der Maarel, E. ''Vegetation Ecology''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2004.
*Vankat, J. L. ''The Natural Vegetation of North America''. Krieger Publishing Co., 1992.
==Pranala luar==
===Klasifikasi vegetasi===
*[http://conserveonline.org/docs/2001/03/vol1.pdf Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications] (PDF)
*[http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/ Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee]
*[http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/vegetation/vegclass.pdf/view Vegetation Classification Standard] [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)
*[http://www.daffa.gov.au/brs/forest-veg/vast/ Classifying Vegetation Condition: Vegetation Assets States and Transitions (VAST)]
===Pemetaan vegetasi===
*[http://maps.howstuffworks.com/world-vegetation-map.htm Interactive world vegetation map by Howstuffworks]
*[http://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/ USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/vegmaps.html Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps]
*[http://www.vgt.vito.be VEGETATION image processing and archiving centre at VITO]
*[http://www.spot-vegetation.com Spot-VEGETATION programme web page]
===Diagram iklim===
*[http://www.zoolex.org/walter.html Climate Diagrams Explained]
* [http://www.climatediagrams.com ClimateDiagrams.com] Provides climate diagrams for more than 3000 weather stations and for different climate periods from all over the world. Users can also create their own diagrams with their own data.
*[http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/plot/diagram.htm WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams]
▲Analisis vegetasi biasa dilakukan oleh ilmuwan ekologi untuk mempelajari kemelimpahan jenis serta kerapatan tumbuh tumbuhan pada suatu tempat.Dengan menganalisis persebaran vegetasi maka ilmuwan ekologi akan lebih mudah untuk mempelajari suatu komnunitas tumbuhan. Kelestarian lingkungan ditentukan oleh indikatornya yang berupa ada atau tidaknya komunitas suatu tumbuhan tertentu pada suatu lingkungan tertentu. Hal ini terjadi karena beberapa jenis komunitas tumbuhan sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada tempatnya tinggal atau hidup.
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