Taurat: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Semua pandangan rabbinik klasik menyatakan bahwa Taurat seluruhnya atau hampir seluruhnya berasal dari Musa dan sumber ilahi.<ref>Informasi dari sudut pandang Yahudi Ortodoks (Orthodox Jewish) lihat ''Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations'', Ed. [[Shalom Carmy]], and ''Handbook of Jewish Thought'', Volume I, by [[Aryeh Kaplan]].</ref>
 
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=== Jumlah kata dan huruf ===
===Ritual use===
Dalam versi [[Teks Masoret]] yang menjadi edisi [[Alkitab Ibrani]] standar bagi orang [[Yahudi]] sejak abad ke-10, jumlah kata dan huruf dalam Taurat ([[bahasa Ibran]]) telah dihitung cermat oleh tokoh Masoret, ''Aharon Ben Asher'', dalam tulisannya "''Dikdukei Taamim''" sebagai berikut:
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{| class=prettytable
! Kitab !! Jumlah kata !! Jumlah huruf
|-
|[[Kitab Kejadian|Kejadian]] || 20.512 || 78.064
|-
|[[Kitab Keluaran|Keluaran]] || 16.723 || 63.529
|-
|[[Kitab Imamat|Imamat]] || 11.950 || 44.790
|-
|[[Kitab Bilangan|Bilangan]] || 16.368 || 63.530
|-
|[[Kitab Ulangan|Ulangan]] || 14.294 || 54.892
|-
| Total || 79.847 || 304.805
|}
 
=== Penggunaan ritual ===
[[File:Toras in Istanbul Ashkenazi Sinagogue.JPG|160px|left|thumb|Taurat di [[sinagoga]] [[Ashkenazi]] ([[Istanbul]], [[Turki]])]]
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{{Main|Torah reading}}
Torah reading ({{Hebrew Name 1|קריאת התורה|K'riat HaTorah|"Reading [of] the Torah"}}) is a Jewish religious [[ritual]] that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a [[Sefer Torah|Gulungan Taurat (''Sefer Torah'')]]. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the [[Torah scroll]] (or scrolls) from the [[ark (synagogue)|ark]], chanting the appropriate excerpt with special [[cantillation]], and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic [[Torah study]].
 
{{Main|Pembacaan Taurat}}
Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by [[Ezra]] the Scribe after the return of the Jewish people from the [[Babylonian captivity]] (c. 537 BCE), as described in the [[Book of Nehemiah]].<ref>Book of Nehemia, [http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b08.htm Chapter 8]</ref> In the modern era, adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] (70 CE). In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, new movements such as [[Reform Judaism]] and [[Conservative Judaism]] have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same:
[[Pembacaan Taurat ({{Hebrew Name 1|קריאת התורה|K'riat HaTorah|"Pembacaan Taurat"}}) merupakan ritual agamawi Yahudi yang melibatkan pembacaan di depan umum suatu nas dari [[Sefer Torah|Gulungan Taurat (''Sefer Torah'')]]. Istilah ini sering merujuk kepada seluruh upacara mulai dari mengeluarkan gulungan Taurat dari tempat (tabut) penyimpanannya, menyanyikan lagu yang sesuai dengan kantilasi khusus, sampai pengembalian gulungan itu ke dalam tabut. Ini berbeda dengan studi Taurat secara akademik.
 
Pembacaan umum Taurat diperkenalkan oleh [[Ezra]], sang jurutulis itu, setelah orang Yahudi kembali dari [[pembuangan ke Babel]] (~ 537 SM), sebagaimana dicatat dalam [[Kitab Nehemia]].<ref>[[Nehemia 8|Kitab Nehemia pasal 8]]</ref> Dalam zaman modern, penganut [[Yudasime Ortodoks]] melakukan pembacaan Taurat menurut suatu prosedur yang mereka yakini tidak berubah sejak 2000 tahun lalu, yaitu pada waktu [[Bait Kedua|Bait Allah kedua]] di [[Yerusalem]] dihancurkan oleh tentara Romawi pada tahun 70 M. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, gerakan-gerakan baru seperti [[Yudaisme Reform]] dan [[Yudaisme Konservatif]] melakukan adaptasi praktik pembacaan Taurat, tetapi pola dasar pembacaan Taurat biasanya tetap sama.
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As a part of the morning or afternoon prayer services on certain days of the week or holidays, a section of the [[Pentateuch]] is read from a Torah scroll. On [[Shabbat]] (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section ("''[[parasha]]''") is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year.<ref>The division of ''parashot'' found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite) is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in [[Mishneh Torah]], ''Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls'', chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the ''parashot'' for the Torah on the [[Aleppo Codex]]. Though initially doubted by [[Umberto Cassuto]], this has become the established position in modern scholarship. (See the [[Aleppo Codex]] article for more information.)</ref><ref>[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogues may read ''parashot'' on a triennial rather than annual schedule, [http://www.uscj.org/The_Authentic_Trienn7085.html ''The Authentic Triennial Cycle: A Better Way to Read Torah?''], [http://urj.org/worship/letuslearn/s7bechol/]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> On Saturday afternoons, Mondays, and Thursdays, the beginning of the following Saturday's portion is read. On [[Jewish holiday]]s, the beginnings of each month, and [[ta'anit|fast days]], special sections connected to the day are read.