Sextus Julius Africanus: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 5:
 
Hanya sediit mengenai hidupnya yang diketahui pasti, termasuk tarikhnya. Satu tradisi menempatkannya pada masa pemerintahan Kaisar [[Gordianus III]] (238–244), yang lain pada masa [[Severus Alexander]] (222–235). Nampaknya ia mengenal [[Abgar VIII]], Raja Kristen dari [[Edessa]] (176–213).
<!--
Julius mungkin bertugas di bawah [[Septimius Severus]] melawan orang Osrhoenia pada tahun 195. He went on an embassy to the emperor [[Severus Alexander]] to ask for the restoration of [[Emmaus Nicopolis|Emmaus]], which had fallen into ruins. His mission succeeded, and Emmaus was henceforward known as [[Emmaus Nicopolis|Nicopolis]].
 
Julius mungkin bertugas di bawah [[Septimius Severus]] melawan orang Osrhoenia pada tahun 195. HeIa wentpergi onkepada ansuatu embassykedutaan to the emperorkaisar [[Severus Alexander]] tomeminta ask for the restoration ofrestorasi [[:en:Emmaus Nicopolis|Emmaus]], whichyang hadtelah fallen into ruinshancur. His missionMisinya succeededberhasil, anddan Emmaus was henceforwardkemudian knowndikenal assebagai [[:en:Emmaus Nicopolis|Nicopolis]].
Julius traveled to Greece and Rome and went to Alexandria to study, attracted by the fame of its catechetical school, possibly about the year 215.{{sfn|Gelzer|1898|p=11}} He knew Greek (in which language he wrote), Latin, and Hebrew. He was at one time a soldier and had been a pagan; he wrote all his works as a Christian.
 
Julius berkelana ke [[Yunani]] dan [[Roma]] serta ke [[Aleksandria]] untuk belajar, tertarik dengan ketenaran sekolah kateketikalnya, kemungkinan sekitar tahun 215.{{sfn|Gelzer|1898|p=11}} Ia mengenal bahasa Yunani (yaitu yang dipakainya untuk menulis), Latin, dan Ibrani. Suatu waktu dalam hidupnya ia pernah menjadi tentara dan pernah menjadi orang yang bukan Kristen, tetapi ia menulis semua karyanya setelah menjadi orang Kristen.
 
WhetherApakah Julius Africanus wasseorang apendeta laymanatau orawam amasih cleric remains controversialdiperdebatkan. [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont|Tillemont]] arguedberargumen fromdari sebutan Julius' addressing thekepada priestpastor [[Origen]] assebagai "dearsaudara brotherterkasih" thatbahwa Julius musttentunya havejuga beenseorang a priest himselfpendeta<ref>Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique'', III, Paris, 1693, 254</ref> buttetapi Gelzer pointsmenunjukkan outbahwa thatargumen suchsemacam anitu argumenttidak is inconclusivekonklusif.{{sfn|Gelzer|1898|p=9}} StatementsPernyataan-pernyataan callingyang himmenyebutnya asebagai bishopseorang onlyuskup appearnampaknya inhanya themuncul fourthpada centuryabad ke-4.
 
Whether Julius Africanus was a layman or a cleric remains controversial. [[Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont|Tillemont]] argued from Julius' addressing the priest [[Origen]] as "dear brother" that Julius must have been a priest himself<ref>Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique'', III, Paris, 1693, 254</ref> but Gelzer points out that such an argument is inconclusive.{{sfn|Gelzer|1898|p=9}} Statements calling him a bishop only appear in the fourth century.
-->
== Karya ==
Julius menulis sejarah dunia (''Chronographiai,'' dalam lima buku) dari Penciptaan sampai tahun 221 M, menurut perhitungannya, meliputi 5723 tahun. Ia menghitung periode antara Penciptaan dan [[Yesus]] mencakup 5500 tahun, menempatkan [[Inkarnasi]] pada hari pertama [[Anno Mundi|AM]] 5501 (pada kalender modern 25 Maret 1 SM), menurut Venance Grumel, ''La Chronologie'' (1958). Metode perhitungan ini mendorong beberapa era Penciptaan digunakan pada tulisan-tulisan Yunani di [[Laut Tengah]] bagian timur, yang semuanya menempatkan Penciptaan dalam satu dekade sekitar tahun 5500 SM.
<!--
The history, which had an apologetic aim, is no longer extant, but copious extracts from it are to be found in the ''Chronicon'' of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], who used it extensively in compiling the early episcopal lists. There are also fragments in [[George Syncellus]], [[Cedrenus]] and the ''[[Chronicon Paschale]].'' Eusebius gives some extracts from his letter to one Aristides,<ref>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911}} cites: ''Hist. Ecc.'' i. 7; vi. 31</ref> reconciling the apparent discrepancy between Matthew and Luke in the genealogy of Christ by a reference to the Jewish law of [[Levirate marriage]], which compelled a man to marry the widow of his deceased brother, if the latter died without issue. His terse and pertinent letter to [[Origen]] impugning the authority of the part of the [[Book of Daniel]] that tells the story of [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)|Susanna]], and Origen's wordy and uncritical answer, are both extant.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
 
Karya sejarah itu, yang mempunyai tujuan apogetika, tidak ditemukan lagi, tetapi banyak salinan dari tulisan ini muncul dalam ''Chronicon'' karya [[Eusebius dari Kaisarea|Eusebius]], yang menggunakan secara ekstensif dalam mengkompilasi daftar episkopal awal. Ada pula fragmen-fragmen yang didapati pada tulisan [[George Syncellus]], [[Cedrenus]] dan ''[[Chronicon Paschale]].'' Eusebius mengutip sejumlah bagian dari suratnya kepada seorang bernama Aristides,<ref>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911}} cites: ''Hist. Ecc.'' i. 7; vi. 31</ref> merekonsiliasi apa yang nampaknya diskrepansi antara [[Injil Matius]] dan [[Injil Lukas]] mengenai [[Silsilah Yesus Kristus]] dengan suatu rujukan kepada hukum perkawinan levirat Yahudi, yang mengharuskan seseorang untuk menikahi janda abangnya yang meninggal, jika pasangan itu belum mempunyai keturunan. Suratnya yang tegas dan keras kepada [[Origen]] mempertanyakan otoritas bagian [[Kitab Daniel]] yang bercerita tentang [[Susanna (Kitab Daniel)|Susanna]], dan jawaban Origen yang bertele-tele dan tidak kritis, keduanya masih ada.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
<!--
The ascription to Africanus of an encyclopaedic work entitled ''[[Kestoi]]'' (Κέστος "embroidered"), treating of agriculture, natural history, military science, etc., has been disputed on account of its secular and often credulous character. [[August Neander]] suggested that it was written by Africanus before he had devoted himself to religious subjects. A fragment of the ''Kestoi'' was found in the [[Oxyrhynchus papyri]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chisholm|1911}} cites: Grenfell and Hunt, iii. 36 ff.</ref> According to the [[New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], the Kestoi "appears to have been intended as a sort of encyclopedia of the material sciences with the cognate mathematical and technical branches, but to have contained a large proportion of merely curious, trifling, or miraculous matters, on which account the authorship of Julius has been questioned. Among the parts published are sections on agriculture, liturgiology, tactics, and medicine (including veterinary practise)."
-->