Pencemaran udara: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Pencemaran udara dapat ditimbulkan oleh sumber-sumber alami maupun kegiatan manusia. Beberapa definisi gangguan fisik seperti [[polusi suara]], [[panas]], [[radiasi]] atau [[polusi cahaya]] dianggap sebagai polusi udara. Sifat alami udara mengakibatkan dampak pencemaran udara dapat bersifat langsung dan [[lokal]], [[regional]], maupun [[global]].
 
Pencemaran udara di dalam ruangan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia sama buruknya dengan pencemaran udara di ruang terbuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/ |title=Reports |publisher=WorstPolluted.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-29| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100811155338/http://www.worstpolluted.org/| archivedate= 11 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
== Sumber Polusipolusi Udaraudara ==
 
Pencemar udara dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu, pencemar primer dan pencemar sekunder. Pencemar primer adalah substansi pencemar yang ditimbulkan langsung dari sumber pencemaran udara. [[Karbon monoksida]] adalah sebuah contoh dari pencemar udara primer karena ia merupakan hasil dari [[pembakaran]]. Pencemar sekunder adalah substansi pencemar yang terbentuk dari reaksi pencemar-pencemar primer di [[atmosfer]]. Pembentukan [[ozon]] dalam [[smog fotokimia]] adalah sebuah contoh dari pencemaran udara sekunder.
 
Belakangan ini tumbuh keprihatinan akan efek dari emisi polusi udara dalam konteks global dan hubungannya dengan [[pemanasan global (global warming)]] yg memengaruhi;
 
Kegiatan manusia
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* Industri
* Pembangkit listrik
* Pembakaran (perapian, kompor, ''furnace'', [[insinerator]] dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar) termasuk pembakaran biomassa secara tradisional<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomass Pollution Basics|author=David Pennise and Kirk Smith|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor air pollution and household energy|publisher=WHO and UNEP|year=2011|url=http://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html}}</ref>
* Pembakaran (perapian, kompor, ''furnace'',[insinerator]dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar
* Gas buang pabrik yang menghasilkan gas berbahaya seperti ([[CFC)]]
* Dan Lain - lain
 
Sumber alami
* [[Gunung berapi]]
* [[Rawa-rawa]]
* [[Kebakaran hutan]]
* [[Denitrifikasi]]
* [[Nitrifikasi]] dan [[denitrifikasi]] biologi
* Dalam kondisi tertentu, [[vegetasi]] dapat menghasilkan senyawa organik volatil yang signifikan yang mampu bereaksi dengan polutan antropogenik membentuk polutan sekunder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/8835.full|title=Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States|work=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|author=Goldstein, Allen H., Charles D. Koven, Colette L. Heald, Inez Y. Fung|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2010-12-05}}</ref>
 
Sumber-sumber lain
* Transportasi [[amonia]]
* Kebocoran tangki [[klor]]gas
* Timbulan gasGas [[metana]] dari [[lahan uruk]] /[[tempat pembuangan akhir]] [[sampah]]
* Uap pelarut organik
 
== Jenis-jenis bahan pencemaranpencemar udara ([[polutan]]) ==
* [[Karbon monoksida]]
* [[Oksida nitrogen]]
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* [[CFC]]
* [[Hidrokarbon]]
* [[Senyawa organik volatil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/8835.full|title=Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States|work=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|author=Goldstein, Allen H., Charles D. Koven, Colette L. Heald, Inez Y. Fung|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2010-12-05}}</ref>
 
* [[Partikulat]]<ref>{{Wayback |date=20100603014952 |url=http://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s=43&item=1029 |title=Evidence growing of air pollution’s link to heart disease, death}} // American Heart Association. May 10, 2010</ref>
* [[Volatile Organic Compounds]]
* [[Radikal bebas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/pdf138201201.pdf |title=Newly detected air pollutant mimics damaging effects of cigarette smoke |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090722123751.htm |title=Infant Inhalation Of Ultrafine Air Pollution Linked To Adult Lung Disease |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-07-23 |accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref>
* [[Partikulat]]
 
== Dampak ==
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Dampak kesehatan yang paling umum dijumpai adalah [[ISNA]] (infeksi saluran napas atas), termasuk di antaranya, [[asma]], [[bronkitis]], dan gangguan pernapasan lainnya. Beberapa zat pencemar dikategorikan sebagai [[toksik]] dan [[karsinogenik]].
 
memperkirakanDiperkirakan dampak pencemaran udara di Jakarta yang berkaitan dengan kematian prematur, perawatan rumah sakit, berkurangnya hari kerja efektif, dan ISNA pada tahun 1998 senilai dengan 1,8 trilyun rupiah dan akan meningkat menjadi 4,3 trilyun rupiah pada tahun 2015.{{butuh rujukan|date=Maret 2014}}
 
=== Dampak terhadap tanaman ===
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[[Lapisan ozon]] yang berada di [[stratosfer]] (ketinggian 20-35 km) merupakan pelindung alami bumi yang berfungsi memfilter [[radiasi]] [[ultraviolet]] B dari matahari. Pembentukan dan penguraian molekul-molekul ozon (O3) terjadi secara alami di stratosfer. Emisi CFC yang mencapai stratosfer dan bersifat sangat stabil menyebabkan laju penguraian molekul-molekul ozon lebih cepat dari pembentukannya, sehingga terbentuk lubang-lubang pada lapisan ozon.
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.urbanairquality.org/ International Conference on Urban Air Quality].
* [http://www.unep.org/urban%5Fenvironment/ UNEP Urban Issues]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index.htm European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air >Air Quality].
* [http://www.unep.org/pcfv/ UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles]
* [http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en/index.html Database: outdoor air pollution in cities] from the [[World Health Organisation]]
* [http://www.npr.org/2011/11/07/142089991/poisoned-places-air-pollution-in-your-town Interactive map of US facilities emitting air pollution]
* [http://www.stuffintheair.com/airqualitymodeling.html Stuff in the Air] Standard air quality modelling procedure for industrial sources.
* [http://atmosphericdispersion.wikia.com/ Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling]. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers&nbsp;— primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
* [http://www.air-dispersion.com/formulas.html Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas] One of six technical articles devoted to air quality and air pollution dispersion modeling.
* [http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/EE-WHO_warns_on_urban_air_pollution-2809116.html Fine particle pollution map 1] and [http://mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/nasa-maps-global-air-pollution/ fine particle pollution map 2]
* [http://www.environment.no/Topics/Air-pollution/Local-air-pollution/ Map showing loss of months in life expectancy due to air pollution]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ World Health Organization Fact Sheet on Air quality and health]
* [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44436/story.htm Air Pollution Triggers Blood Clots]
* [http://www.ownyourair.org/ American Lung Association of New England on air quality].
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9609.pdf Dispersion of traffic pollution from street canyons in Edinburgh] by A Searl and D Buchanan. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/96/09
*[http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0301.pdf Impact assessment of the mortality effects of longer-term exposure to air pollution: exploring cause-specific mortality and susceptibility] by BG Miller. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/03/01
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0601.pdf Comparing estimated risks for air pollution with risks for other health effects] by BG Miller and JF Hurley. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/06/01
* [http://comeap.org.uk/documents/reports/128-the-mortality-effects-of-long-term-exposure-to-particulate-air-pollution-in-the-uk.html The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom], UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution, 2010.
 
{{Pencemaran}}
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