Tembakau: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Selain itu, terdapat beberapa daerah penghasil tembakau kualitas menengah ke bawah, biasanya ditanam untuk pasar domestik atau rokok kualitas rendah, ''tingwe'' ("linting dhewe"), atau [[tembakau kunyah]], seperti tembakau Kaponan dari Ponorogo.
==Biologi==
{{Main|Nicotiana}}
[[File:Nicotine-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|[[Nikotin]] adalah senyawa candu yang ada pada tembakau]]
[[File:Native American tobacco flower.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bunga]], [[daun]], dan [[kuncup]] tembakau]]
Terdapat beberapa spesies dalam genus ''Nicotiana'' yang bisa disebut tembakau. Genus ini merupakan bagian dari famili [[Solanaceae]].
Berbagai tumbuhan mengandung [[nikotin]], senyawa [[neurotoksin]] yang mampu mematikan [[serangga]]. Tembakau adalah tumbuhan yang mengandung jumlah nikotin tertinggi dibandingkan tumbuhan lainnya. Namun tidak seperti tumbuhan dari famili Solanaceae lainnya, tembakau tidak mengandung senyawa [[tropan alkaloida]] yang beracun bagi manusia.
Meski mengandung cukup nikotin dan senyawa psikoaktif lainnya ([[germakren]], [[anabasin]], dan alkaloida [[piperidin]] lainnya) untuk mengusir [[herbivora]], namun sejumlah hewan telah ber[[evolusi]] dan mampu memakan spesies daru genus ''Nicotiana'' tanpa mengalami gangguan. Tembakau masih tidak mampu dimakan oleh banyak spesies. Karena minimnya predator, tembakau liar seperti ''[[Nicotiana glauca]]'' telah menjadi [[spesies invasif]].
==Dampak tembakau==
===Sosial===
Merokok di tempat umum telah sejak lama hanya dilakukan oleh pria. Wanita yang merokok dianggap telah merusak kesuciannya. Di Jepang pada [[jaman Edo]], pelacur dan kliennya saling mendekati dengan berpura-pura menawarkan rokok. Hal yang sama juga dilakukan di Eropa pada abad ke-19.<ref name="Screech-Smoke">Timon Screech, "Tobacco in Edo Period Japan" in ''Smoke'', pp. 92-99</ref> Sejak [[Perang Sipil Amerika]], penggunaan tembakau dikaitkan dengan [[maskulinitas]] dan kekuasaan, dan menjadi ikon pencitraan penguasa [[kapitalisme|kapitalis]].
Saat ini tembakau banyak ditentang karena mengakibatkan banyak masalah kesehatan<ref>[[:en:Health effects of tobacco|Dampak kesehatan dari tembakau]]</ref> sehingga muncul kampanye anti rokok di beragai tempat di seluruh dunia. [[Bhutan]] adalah satu-satunya negara yang melarang penjualan tembakau.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation], [[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]]</ref>
===Demografi===
Tembakau hampir seluruhnya dijadikan rokok, dan pemanfaatan tembakau hampir seratus persen berupa rokok. Pada tahun 2000, merokok dilakukan oleh setidaknya 1.22 miliar orang dan sebagian besar merupakan laki-laki.<ref name="HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16">"[[#HNPGuindonBoisclair|Guindon & Boisclair]]" 2004, pp. 13-16.</ref> Namun selisih antar gender berkurang dengan meningkatnya usia.<ref>''[[#WomenTobaccoChallenges21st|Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century]]'' 2001, pp.5-6.</ref><ref>''[[#2001SurgeonGeneralWomen|Surgeon General's Report — Women and Smoking]]'' 2001, p.47.</ref> Orang miskin memiliki kecenderungan yang lebih besar untuk merokok, demikian pula masyarakat di negara miskin dan berkembang jika dibandingkan dengan masyarakat di negara maju.<ref name="WHOTobaccoFactSheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/exeres/978BE0FD-AE30-46C6-8F75-1F40AE7B57BC.htm|title=WHO/WPRO-Tobacco|accessdate=2009-01-01|author=|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=2005|month=|work=|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}}</ref> Hingga tahun 2004, WHO melaporkan jumlah kematian sebesar 5.4 juta jiwa akibat rokok.<ref>''[[#WHO2004GBD|The Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update]]'' 2008, p.23.</ref>
===Kesehatan===
[[File:Rational scale to assess the harm of drugs (mean physical harm and mean dependence).svg|thumb|250px|Data dari ''[[The Lancet]]'' memperlihatkan bahwa tembakau lebih berbahaya dan lebih menyebabkan candu dibandingkan narkoba lainnya, bahkan lebih berbahay dibandingkan [[ganja]]<ref>{{cite pmid|17382831}}</ref>]]
Berdasakran WHO, tembakau merupakan penyebab terbesar kematian oleh penyakit-yang-dapat-dicegah.<ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7">{{cite book | author = World Health Organization | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package | edition = | language = | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 2008 | pages = | isbn = 92-4-159628-7 | url = http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf }}</ref> Bahaya penggunaan tembakau mencakup penyakit yang terkait dengan jantung dan paru-paru seperti [[serangan jantung]], [[stroke]], [[penyakit paru obstruktif kronik]], [[emfisema]], dan [[kanker]] (terutama [[kanker paru-paru]], [[kanker laring]], dan [[kanker pankreas]]).
WHO memperkirakan bahwa tembakau menyebabkan kematian bagi 5.4 juta jiwa di tahun 2004.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf |title=WHO global burden of disease report 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> 100 juta kematian akibat tembakau telah terjadi akibat tembakau sepanjang abad ke 20.<ref name=WHO2>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_prevalence_data_2008.pdf |title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> Tembakau juga penyebab kematian bayi dan janin di seluruh dunia<ref name="fn1">"[http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction]." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</ref> karena orang tua perokok.
Perokok pasif meski tidak merokok, dapat mengalami kanker paru-paru. Di Amerika Serikat 3000 orang dewasa meninggal akibat paparan asap rokok sebagai perokok pasif. Setidaknya 46000 orang perkok pasif mengalami penyakit jantung dan meninggal.<ref>[http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/secondhand-smoke/index.html Secondhand Smoke] by BeTobaccoFree.gov</ref>
Jumlah perokok secara umum berkurang dengan meningkatnya kesejahteraan dan [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]] (IPM) suatu negara. Dengan kata lain, jumlah perokok berkurang seiring dengan bergeraknya suatu negara menjadi negara maju. Di Amerika Serikat, jumlah perokok telah berkurang setengahnya secara persentase sejak tahun 1965, dari 42% menjadi 20.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig |title=Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2006 |publisher=Cdc.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> Sedangkan di negara miskin dan negara berkembang, jumlah perokok justru meningkat secara persentase per tahunnya.<ref>[http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> India dan China, dengan penduduk yang sangat berlimpah dan IPM yang tidak terlalu tinggi menjadikan keduanya pasar bagi rokok dari seluruh dunia. China sendiri teah menjadi produsen rokok terbesar di dunia dengan memproduksi 2.4 triliun batang rokok per tahun atau setara dengan 40% produksi total dunia.<ref name="tobaccocontrol.bmj.com">Robert N. Proctor [http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/87.full.pdf The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll], ''Tobacco Control'', Tobacco Control 2012;21:87e91. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* <cite id="WHO2004GBD">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update|accessdate=2008-01-01|author=|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=2008|month=|work=|publisher=World Health Organization|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}}</cite>
* <cite id="HNPGuindonBoisclair">{{cite web|url=http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/Guindon-Past,%20current-%20whole.pdf|format=PDF|title=Past, current and future trends in tobacco use|accessdate=2008-01-02|author=G. Emmanuel Guindon, David Boisclair|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=2003|month=|work=|publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank|location=Washington DC|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}}</cite>
* <cite id="WomenTobaccoChallenges21st">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/WomenMonograph.pdf|format=PDF|title=Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century|accessdate=2009-01-02|author=The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=2001|month=|work=|publisher=World Health Organization|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}}</cite>
* <cite id="2001SurgeonGeneralWomen">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2001/sgr_women_chapters.htm|title=Surgeon General's Report — Women and Smoking|accessdate=2009-01-03|author=|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=2001|month=|work=|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</cite>
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{{Refend}}
==Pranala luar==
* [http://www.tobaccoleaf.org International Tobacco Growers' Association]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_niru.pdf Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Sheet - Wild tobacco]
* [http://www.obarsiv.com/english/archive.html Ottoman Back Archives and Research Centre]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3300769.stm Questions on European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (''i.e.'' snus)]
* [http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-11/2005-11-30-voa79.cfm?CFID=60937799&CFTOKEN=87949569 Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco]
* [http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html/ Timeline of tobacco history]
* [http://www.savetobaccogrowers.com/ The European tobacco growers website]
* [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm CDC - Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/en/ TobReg] - WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation
* [http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke - Statistics and general information about the effects of secondhand-smoke]
* Medicinal history http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079499/
* Patria N. [http://m.news.viva.co.id/news/read/370820-mengenal-cerutu-indonesia Mengenal Cerutu Indonesia]. VivaNews Daring. Rabu, 28 November 2012, 14:54 WIB.
[[Kategori:Solanaceae]]
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