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Revisi per 9 November 2013 01.47

Desertifikasi adalah tipe degradasi lahan di mana lahan yang relatif kering menjadi semakin gersang, kehilangan badan air, vegetasi, dan juga kehidupan liar.^[2] Desertifikasi umumnya disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor seperti perubahan iklim dan aktivitas manusia. Desertifikasi adalah masalah lingkungan dan ekologis global yang signifikan.^[3]

Penyusutan Danau Chad. Danau ini telah menyusut sampai 95% sejak tahun 1960.^[1]

Definisi

Berbagai kontroversi hadir dalam menentukan definisi yang layak mengenai istilah desertifikasi. Helmut Geist (2005) telah menemukan 100 definisi formal, namun definisi yang diterima lebih luas adalah definisi dari kampus Universitas Princeton yang mendefinisikan desertifikasi sebagai "proses perubahan lahan yang subur menjadi gurun, umumnya merupakan hasil dari deforestasi, kekeringan, atau praktek pertanian yang tidak layak."^[4]

Diskusi paling awal dari topik ini mucnul setelah kolonisasi Prancis di Afrika Barat ketika sebuah komite studi melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui proses perluasan Gurun Sahara di jaman prasejarah.^[5]

Sejarah

Padang pasir yang diketahui saat ini terbentuk melalui proses alami dalam waktu yang sangat panjang. Selama waktu tersebut, padang pasir telah meluas dan menyusut tanpa peran campur tangan manusia. Padang pasir prasejarah berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan padang pasir terluas saat ini, yaitu Sahara, hingga dapat disebut sebagai lautan pasir, yang kini stabil karena vegetasi.^[6]

Desertifikasi memainkan peran penting dalam sejarah manusia, yang berkontribusi pada keruntuhan beberapa kerajaan besar seperti Kartagena, Yunani, dan Romawi, dan menyebabkan perpindahan penduduk dalam skala besar.^[3]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Lahan kering menutupi 40-41% luas lahan di bumi^[10]^[11] dan menjadi rumah bagi 2 miliar penduduk.^[11] Diperkirakan 10-20% lahan kering telah terdegradasi.^[12]^[13] Hingga tahun 1998, ekspansi ke arah selatan Padang Pasir Sahara tidak diketahui karena kurangnya pengukuran ekspansi ketika itu.^[14]

Lihat pula

Erosi tanah di Leuchars

Mitigasi:

Arid Lands Information Network—Kenya
Biochar penyuburan tanah menggunakan karbon
Penghijauan gurun
Teknik ekologis
Tembok Hijau China
Manajemen holistik

Referensi

^ Mayell, Hillary (April 26, 2001). "Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". National Geographic News. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2011.
^ Geist (2005), p. 2
^ ^a ^b Geist (2005), p. 4
^ Google Dictionary (2012)
^ Mortimore, Michael (1989). Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in west Africa. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-32312-3.
^ United States Geological Survey, "Desertification", 1997
^ Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4.
^ Bogumil Terminski (2011), Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella, Policy Studies Organization (PSO), Washington.
^ Geist, Helmut. "The causes and progression of desertification". Antony Rowe Ltd. Ashgate publishing limited. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2013.
^ Bauer (2007), p. 78
^ ^a ^b Johnson et al (2006), p. 1
^ Holtz (2007)
^ World Bank (2009). Gender in agriculture sourcebook. World Bank Publications. hlm. 454. ISBN 978-0-8213-7587-7.
^ [1]

Bahan bacaan terkait

Arnalds, Ólafur & Archer, Steve (2000). Rangeland Desertification. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6071-1.
Barbault R., Cornet A., Jouzel J., Mégie G., Sachs I., Weber J. (2002). Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate. Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf.
Bauer, Steffan (2007). "Desertification". Dalam Thai, Khi V. et al. Handbook of globalization and the environment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-57444-553-4.
Batterbury, S.P.J. & A.Warren (2001) Desertification. in N. Smelser & P. Baltes (eds.) International Encyclopædia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Press. pp. 3526–3529
Geist, Helmut (2005). The causes and progression of desertification. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4323-4.
Hartman, Ingrid (2008). "Desertification". Dalam Philander, S. George. Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, Volume 1. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5878-3.
Hinman, C. Wiley & Hinman, Jack W. (1992). The plight and promise of arid land agriculture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06612-9.
Holtz, Uwe (2007) Implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from a parliamentary point of view - Critical assessment and challenges ahead
Johnson, Pierre Marc et al., ed. (2006). Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4359-3.
Lucke, Bernhard (2007): Demise of the Decapolis. Past and Present Desertification in the Context of Soil Development, Land Use, and Climate. Online at [2]
Mensah, Joseph (2006). "Desertification". Dalam Leonard, Thomas M. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Desertification Synthesis Report
Moseley, W.G. and E. Jerme 2010. “Desertification.” In: Warf, B. (ed). Encyclopedia of Geography. Sage Publications. Volume 2, pp. 715–719.
Oliver, John E., ed. (2005). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6.
Parrillo, Vincent N., ed. (2008). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of social problems, Volume 2. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-4165-5.
Reynolds, James F., and D. Mark Stafford Smith (ed.) (2002) Global Desertification – Do Humans Cause Deserts? Dahlem Workshop Report 88, Berlin: Dahlem University Press
Stelt, Sjors van der (2012) Rise and Fall of Periodic Patterns for a Generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott Model, PhD Thesis University of Amsterdam
UNCCD (1994) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Artikel ini berisi bahan berstatus domain umum dari Pemerintah Amerika Serikat dokumen "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".

Pranala luar

Beyerlin, Ulrich. Desertification, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Bell, Trudy (December 6, 2002). "City-swallowing Sand Dunes". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2006-04-28.
Desert Research Institute in Nevada, United States
Environmental Issues - Desertification in Africa, The Environmental Blog
Eden Foundation article on desertification
FAO Information Portal - Properties and Management of Drylands
UNEP (2006): Global Deserts Outlook
UNEP Programme on Success Stories in Land Degradation/ Desertification Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification - Secretariat
Procedural history and related documents on the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Dersertification, Particularly in Africa in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
A guide for desert and dryland restoration by David A. Bainbridge
French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)
Olive Trees May Be The Answer To Desertification
Fighting Desertification Through Conservation Report on a project to stop the advance of the Sahara in Algeria - IPS, 27 February 2007

[1] Mayell, Hillary (April 26, 2001). "Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". National Geographic News. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2011.

[Geist-2005-p2-2] Geist (2005), p. 2

[Geist-2005-p4-3] Geist (2005), p. 4

[4] Google Dictionary (2012)

[5] Mortimore, Michael (1989). Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in west Africa. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-32312-3.

[Desertification-6] United States Geological Survey, "Desertification", 1997

[7] Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4.

[8] Bogumil Terminski (2011), Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella, Policy Studies Organization (PSO), Washington.

[9] Geist, Helmut. "The causes and progression of desertification". Antony Rowe Ltd. Ashgate publishing limited. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2013.

[10] Bauer (2007), p. 78

[johnson-1-11] Johnson et al (2006), p. 1

[holtz-12] Holtz (2007)

[13] World Bank (2009). Gender in agriculture sourcebook. World Bank Publications. hlm. 454. ISBN 978-0-8213-7587-7.

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