Naskah Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi

<blockquote>"Dalam mengevaluasi nilai pentingnya statistik ini ... orang harus mempertimbangkan, dengan kontras, jumlah naskah yang melestarikan teks-teks klasik kuno. ''[[Iliad]]'' karya [[Homer]] ... dilestarikan dalam 457 naskah papirus, 2 uncial, dan 188 minuscule. Di antara naskah tragedi, yang terbanyak adalah karya [[Euripides]]; naskah yang ada sekarang meliputi 54 papirus dan 276 perkamen, hampir seluruhnya bertarikh dari zaman Bizantin ... selang waktu dari pembuatan kitab-kitab [[Perjanjian Baru]] dan salinan yang ada sampai sekarang tergolong sangat singkat. Bukan berselang satu milenium lebih, sebagaimana karya-karya pengarang kuno, beberapa naskah papirus yang memuat bagian-bagian Perjanjian Baru merupakan salinan masih dalam rentang waktu kurang dari seabad dari pembuatan dokkumen aslinya."<ref>''The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption & Restoration'', 1992, Third Enlarged Edition, [[Bruce Metzger]], p. 33-35</ref><ref>Dalam catata kaki untuk komentarnya, [[Bruce Metzger|Metzger]] juga menulis, "Lest, however, the wrong impression be conveyed from the statistics given above regarding the total number of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, it should be pointed out that most of the [[New Testament papyrus|papyri]] are relatively fragmentary and that only about fifty manuscripts (of which the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] is the only [[Uncial script|Uncial manuscript]]) contain the entire New Testament." ''The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption & Restoration'', 1992, Third Enlarged Edition, Bruce Metzger, p. 34</ref></blockquote>

 

<!--

The difficulty is in where the manuscripts are coming from. Often, especially in monasteries, a manuscript cache is little more than a former manuscript recycling center where imperfect and incomplete copies of manuscripts were stored while the monastery or scriptorium decided what to do with them.<ref name="Ehrman 2005">Ehrman 2005</ref> There were several options. The first was to simply "wash" the manuscript and reuse it. This was very common in the ancient world and even up into the [[Middle Ages]]; such reused manuscripts are called [[palimpsest]]s. The most famous palimpsest is probably the [[Archimedes Palimpsest]]. If this was not done within a short period of time after the papyri was made, then washing it was less likely since the papyri might deteriorate and thus be unusable. When washing was no longer an option, the second choice was burning (since they contained the words of Christ, they were thought to have had a level of sanctity).<ref name="Ehrman 2005"/> Burning them was considered more reverent than simply throwing them into the nearby garbage pit, although that was not unheard of as in the case of [[Oxyrhynchus 840]]). The third option was simply to leave them in what has become known as a manuscript gravesite. When scholars come across manuscript caches, for example that at [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] in the [[Sinai]] (source of the [[Codex Sinaiticus]]), or Saint Sabbas Monastery outside [[Bethlehem]], they are not finding libraries, but storehouses of rejected texts<ref name="Ehrman 2005">Ehrman 2005</ref> (sometimes kept in boxes or back shelves in libraries due to space constraints). These texts were unacceptable because of their scribal errors and contain corrections inside the lines<ref>http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/</ref> possibly evidence that monastery scribes were comparing it to what must have been a master text. In addition, texts thought to be complete and correct but which had deteriorated due to heavy usage and/or had missing [[wikt:folio|folios]] would also be placed in these [[Treasure trove|caches]]. Once in a cache, [[insects]] and [[humidity]] would often contribute to the continued deterioration of the documents.<ref name="Ehrman 2005" />

| | 194

|}

 

===Manuscript construction===

 

 

Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the 2nd century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of [[scrolls]]; however, the 8 Christian manuscripts are [[codex|codices]]. In fact, most New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the 4th and 5th centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians.<ref>[http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/codex.html Seid]</ref> The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the [[Pauline epistles]]), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages.

-->

=== Perkiraan Tarikh Pembuatan Naskah Perjanjian Baru ===

 

Kitab-kitab Perjanjian Baru rupanya sudah lengkap pada abad pertama, tetapi tidak ada naskah asli (''autograph'') yang terlestarikan sampai sekarang. Yang ada hanya salinan-salinan dari abad-abad berikutnya. Tarikh naskah-naskah salinan itu ditentukan berdasarkan "[[Paleografi]]", yaitu ilmu yang menganalisanya [[tipografi]] tulisan untuk memperkirakan tanggal penulisannya. Cara ini merupakan yang paling akurat dan objektif. Kelompok-kelompok tulisan tertentu dapat dikaitkan dengan suatu generasi, dan perubahannya dapat dicatat dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi dalam rentang waktu yang pendek. Penentuan tarikh bahan naskah dengan tes radiokarbon membutuhkan sebagian kecil bahan untuk dihancurkan dalam prosesnya; kurang akurat dibandingkan dengan Paleografi.<ref>[http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-73398/biblical-literature#597996.hook Britannica Online: Types of manuscript errors]</ref> Baik metode radiokarbon dan paleografi hanya dapat memberikan kemungkinan rentang waktu pembuatan naskah, dan masih diperdebatkan seberapa sempit rentang waktu ini. Pada umumnya metode radiokarbon memberikan rentang antara 10 sampai lebih dari 100 tahun. Mirip dengan itu, pentarikhan menggunakan metode paleografi mempunyai rentang antara 25 sampai lebih dari 125 tahun.<ref>Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map By F. V. Greifenhagen</ref>