Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Upaya rekonstruksi ini dilakukan dengan berbagai agenda, mulai dari mereka yang bermaksud memastikan pandangan Kristen mengenai Yesus, maupun yang berusaha menolak Kekristenan, atau yang berharap untuk mempelajari kehidupan Yesus dengan harapan mengubah sebab musabab sosial.<ref name=Allison59>{{cite book | last1 = Allison | first1 = Dale | title = The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | page = 59 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=WzOfssjUsIIC&pg=PA59&dq=dale+allison+We+wield+our+criteria+to+get+what+we+want#v=onepage&q&f=false | accessdate = 2011-Jan-09 | quote = We wield our criteria to get what we want. | isbn = 978-0-8028-6262-4 | date = 2009-02}}</ref><ref name="Meier2009">{{Cite book|author=John P. Meier|title=A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Law and Love|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=igMXmZ055ooC&pg=PA6|accessdate=27 August 2010|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14096-5|pages=6–}}</ref><ref name=Akenson539>{{cite book | last1 = Akenson | first1 = Donald | title = Surpassing wonder: the invention of the Bible and the Talmuds | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1998 | pages = 539–555 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=40E8am9SlwgC&pg=538&dq=%22appeals+to+consensus%22#v=onepage&q=%22appeals%20to%20consensus%22&f=false | accessdate = 2011-Jan-08 | quote = ...The point I shall argue below is that, the agreed evidentiary practices of the historians of Yeshua, despite their best efforts, have not been those of sound historical practice... | isbn = 978-0-226-01073-1}}</ref><ref name=MarshQ>Clive Marsh, "Diverse Agendas at Work in the Jesus Quest" in ''Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus'' by Tom Holmen and Stanley E. Porter (Jan 12, 2011) ISBN 9004163727 pages 986-1002</ref><ref name=MarshBIJ>Clive Marsh "Quests of the Historical Jesus in New Historicist Perspective" in ''[[Biblical Interpretation (journal)|Biblical Interpretation Journal]]'' Volume 5, Number 4, 1997 , pp. 403-437(35)</ref> Pada abad ke-21, pendekatan "maximalist" dari abad ke-19 yang menerima semua isi Injil, maupun kecenderungan "minimalist" di awal abad ke-20 yang sama sekali menolak Injil, keduanya ditinggalkan dan para ilmuwan mulai berfokus pada apa yang menurut sejarah memungkinkan dan menguatkan mengenai kehidupan Yesus.<ref name=Keener163>''The Historical Jesus of the Gospels'' by Craig S. Keener (Apr 13, 2012) ISBN 0802868886 page 163</ref><ref name=Borg4>''Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship'' by Marcus J. Borg (Aug 1, 1994) ISBN 1563380943 pages 4-6</ref><ref name=ChilE27>''Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research'' by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (Jun 1998) ISBN 9004111425 page 27</ref><ref name=Meier124>[[John P. Meier]] "Criteria: How do we decide what comes from Jesus?" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight (Jul 15, 2006) ISBN 1575061007 page 124 "Since in the quest for the historical Jesus almost anything is possible, the function of the criteria is to pass from the merely possible to the really probable, to inspect various probabilities, and to decide which candidate is most probable. Ordinarily the criteria can not hope to do more."</ref>

 

[[File:Jerus-n4i.jpg|thumb|210px|left|Model [[Bait Suci Herodes]], yang dihancurkan oleh tentara Romawi pada tahun 70 M, di [[Museum Israel]] ]]

Penelitian Yesus dalam sejarah menurut sejumlah pakar harus dipandang dalam konteks sejarah dan budaya Romawi-Yudea dan kekuatan yang mempengaruhi budaya Yahudi pada waktu itu, termasuk tekanan, kecenderungan, dan perubahan di wilayah tersebut di bawah pengaruh [[Helenisme]] dan pendudukan oleh pemerintah Romawi, sejak Ptolemeus, dari tahun 63 SM.<ref>Fredriksen, Paula (1988). ''From Jesus to Christ'' ISBN 0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii</ref><ref>Sanders, E.P. (1987). ''Jesus and Judaism'', Fortress Press ISBN 0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9</ref>

 

[[File:Kapernaum Synagoga.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Sinagoga]] kuno di [[Kapernaum]]]]

Pada abad ke-21 arkeologi semakin meningkat penggunaannya sebagai komponen riset untuk lebih memahami tokoh Yesus dalam sejarah dengan melihat latar belakang sosial ekonomi dan politik pada masa hidup-Nya.<ref name=AmyReed>Jonathan L. Reed, "Archaeological contributions to the study of Jesus and the Gospels" in ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 40-47</ref><ref>''Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence'' by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN 1-56338-394-2 pages xi-xii</ref><ref name=EvansPost >{{cite book|author=Craig A. Evans|title=The Archaeological Evidence For Jesus|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-a-evans/archaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995.html|date=Mar 26, 2012|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref name=Charlesworth11 >"Jesus Research and Archaeology: A New Perspective" by James H. Charlesworth in ''Jesus and archaeology'' edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN 0-8028-4880-X pages 11-15</ref><ref name=Gowler102 >''What are they saying about the historical Jesus?'' by David B. Gowler 2007 ISBN 0-8091-4445-X page 102</ref><ref name=EvansArch>{{cite book|author=Craig A. Evans|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_DGjygAACAAJ&dq=Jesus+and+His+World|title=Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence |date=Mar 16, 2012|publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|isbn=0-664-23413-5}}</ref> [[James Charlesworth]] menyatakan bahwa para pakar tidak lagi mengabaikan penemuan arkeologi yang memperjelas pengetahuan mengenai pola kehidupan di Galilea dan Yudea pada zaman Yesus.<ref name=Charlesworth11 />

 

[[File:ChineseJesus.jpg|thumb|180px|Persepsi ras Yesus telah dipengaruhi oleh penempatan budaya.<ref name=LHoulden63 /><ref name=Erricker44 >''Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach'' by Clive Erricker 1987 ISBN 0-7188-2634-5 page 44</ref> Sebuah ilustrasi Yesus dari Tiongkok, [[Beijing]], 1879]]

Yesus tumbuh besar di [[Galilea]] dan banyak waktu pelayanan-Nya diluangkan di wilayah tersebut.<ref>Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall, ''Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels'' (InterVarsity Press, 1992), page 442</ref> Bahasa yang dipakai di Galilea dan [[Yudea]] selama abad ke-1 termasuk [[bahasa Aram]] dan [[bahasa Ibrani]] [[Semitik]], serta [[bahasa Yunani]], di mana bahasa Aram merupakan bahasa predominan.<ref name=BarrLang >[[James Barr (biblical scholar)|James Barr]], ''Which language did Jesus speak'', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 1970; 53(1) pages 9–29 [https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973]</ref><ref name=Porter110 >''Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament'' by [[Stanley E. Porter]] 1997 ISBN 90-04-09921-2 pages 110–112</ref> Kebanyakan ilmuwan setuju bahwa selama bagian awal abad ke-1 bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa ibu dari hampir semua wanita di Galilea dan Yudea.<ref name=Hamp3 >''Discovering the language of Jesus'' by Douglas Hamp 2005 ISBN 1-59751-017-3 page 3-4</ref> Mayoritas pakar mendukung teori bahwa Yesus berbicara dalam bahasa Aram dan Ia juga telah berbicara dalam bahasa Ibrani dan Yunani.<ref name=BarrLang /><ref name=Porter110 /><ref>''Jesus in history and myth'' by R. Joseph Hoffmann 1986 ISBN 0-87975-332-3 page 98</ref><ref>[[James Barr (biblical scholar)|James Barr]]'s review article ''Which language did Jesus speak'' (referenced above) states that Aramaic has the widest support among scholars.</ref> [[James D. G. Dunn]] states that there is "substantial consensus" that Jesus gave most of his teachings in Aramaic.<ref name=DunnR313>''Jesus Remembered'' by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pages 313-315</ref><ref name=AmyJ10>Amy-Jill Levine in ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 page 10</ref>

 

== Pengaruh di dalam sejarah ==

 

== Lihat pula ==