Pelusium: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Pelusium''' adalah kota di [[Mesir Kuno]], terletak sejauh 30 km dari [[Port Said]]. Nama lainnya meliputi '''Sena''' dan '''[[Per (hieroglif)|Per]]-Amun''' ([[bahasa Mesir|Mesir]], [[bahasa Koptik|Koptik]]: {{Coptic|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ}} ''Paramoun'' berarti Rumah atau Kuil [[Amun]]), '''Pelousion''' ([[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], {{polytonic|Πηλούσιον}}), '''Sin''' ([[Chaldea|Chaldaic]] dan [[bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]]), '''Seyân''' ([[bahasa Aram|Aram]]), dan '''Tell el-Farama''' ([[Arab Mesir]] modern). Pelusium dinamakan "Sin, benteng Mesir" dalam [[Kitab Yehezkiel]] di [[Alkitab Ibrani]] atau [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]].<ref>{{Alkitab|Yehezkiel 30:15}}</ref>
Reruntuhan kota ini kini dapat ditemukan di Tineh, dekat [[Damietta]].<ref>[[Champollion]], ''l'Egypte'', vol. ii. p. 82; [[Dominique Vivant|Vivant Dénon]], ''Description de l'Egypte'', vol. i. hal. 208, iii. hal. 306.</ref>
==History==
Sejumlah catatan sejarah yang berkaitan dengan kota Pelusium:
* [[Sanherib]], raja [[Asyur]], 720-715 SM, pada zaman pemerintahan [[Sethos the Aethiopian]] ([[Dinasti ke-25 Mesir]]), maju dari [[Kerajaan Yehuda]] sampai Pelusium, tetapi mundur sebelum berperang di depan tembok-temboknya ([[Kitab Yesaya]], {{Alkitab|Yesaya 31:8}}; [[Herodotus]] ii. 141 ; [[Strabo]] xiii. p. 604).
<!-- His retreat was ascribed to the favor of [[Hephaestos]] towards Sethos, his priest. In the night, while the Assyrians slept, a host of field-mice gnawed the bow-strings and shield-straps of the Assyrians, who fled, and many of them were slain in their flight by the [[Egyptians]]. Herodotus saw in the temple of Hephaestos at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], a record of this victory of the Egyptians, ''viz.'' a statue of Sethos holding a mouse in his hand. The story probably rests on the fact that in the symbolism of Egypt the mouse implied destruction. (Compare Horapolis ''Hieroglyph.'' i. 50; [[Claudius Aelianus]], ''De Natura Animalium'' vi. 41.)-->
* Pertempuran Pelusium (525 SM) yang mengalihkan tahta dari para Firaun kepada [[Cambyses II]], raja [[Persia]]
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, was fought near Pelusium in 525 BC. The fields around were strewn with the bones of the combatants when Herodotus visited. He noted that the skulls of the Egyptians were distinguishable from those of the Persians by their superior hardness, a fact confirmed he said by the mummies. He ascribed this to the Egyptians' shaving their heads from infancy, and to the Persians covering them up with folds of cloth or linen. (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); however, according to legend, Pelusium fell without a fight, by the simple expedient of having the invading army drive cats (sacred to the local goddess [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]]) before them. As Cambyses advanced at once to Memphis, Pelusium probably surrendered itself immediately after the battle. (Polyaen. ''Stratag.'' vii. 9.)
* In 373 BC, [[Pharnabazus (5th century BC)|Pharnabazus]], satrap of [[Phrygia]], and [[Iphicrates]], the commander of the [[Athens, Greece|Athenian]] armament, appeared before Pelusium, but retired without attacking it, [[Nectanebo I]], king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. ([[Diodorus Siculus]] xv. 42; [[Nepos]]{{dn|date=July 2013}}, ''Iphicr.'' c. 5.)
* Pelusium was attacked and taken by the Persians, 369 BC. The city contained at the time a garrison of 5,000 Greek mercenaries under the command of [[Philophron]]. At first, owing to the rashness of the [[Thebes, Greece|Thebans]] in the Persian service, the defenders had the advantage. But the Egyptian king [[Nectanebo II]] hastily venturing on a pitched battle, his troops were cut to pieces, and Pelusium surrendered to the Theban general [[Lacrates]] on honorable conditions. (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.)
* In 333 BC, Pelusium opened its gates to [[Alexander the Great]], who placed a garrison in it under the command of one of those officers entitled Companions of the King. ([[Arrian]], ''Exp. Alex.'' iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.)
* In 173 BC, [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] utterly defeated the troops of [[Ptolemy Philometor]] under the walls of Pelusium, which he took and retained after he had retired from the rest of Egypt. ([[Polybius]] ''Legat.'' § 82; Hieronym. ''in Daniel.'' xi.) On the fall of the Syrian kingdom, however, if not earlier, Pelusium had been restored to the [[Ptolemies]].
* In 55 BC, again belonging to Egypt, [[Mark Antony]], as cavalry general to the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] proconsul [[Aulus Gabinius|Gabinius]], defeated the Egyptian army, and made himself master of the city. [[Ptolemy Auletes]], in whose behalf the Romans invaded Egypt at this time, wished to put the Pelusians to the sword; but his intention was thwarted by Mark Anthony. ([[Plutarch|Plut.]] ''Anton.'' c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.)
* In 48 BC, [[Pompey]] was murdered in Pelusium.
* In 30 BC, more than half a year after his victory at [[Battle of Actium|Actium]], [[Augustus]] appeared before Pelusium, and was admitted by its governor [[Seleucus (commandant)|Seleucus]] within its walls.
* In 501 AD, Pelusium suffered greatly from the Persian invasion of Egypt ([[Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria|Eutychius]], Annal.).
* In 541 AD, the [[Plague of Justinian]] was first reported and began to spread across the [[Byzantine Empire]].
* In 618, Pelusium offered a protracted, though, in the end, an ineffectual resistance to the arms of [[Amr ibn al-As]]. As on former occasions, the surrender of the key of the Delta, was nearly equivalent to the subjugation of Egypt itself.
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* Sekitar tahun 870, Pelusium disebut sebagai sebuah pelabuhan besar dalam jaringan perdagangan para pedagang [[Radhanite]].
* Tahun 1117, [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]] menjarah dan menghancurkan kota ini sampai rata tanah, tetapi dia sendiri mati tidak lama kemudian akibat keracunan makanan, setelah ia menyantap sepiring penuh ikan setempat.
Para khalif yang memerintah Pelusium setelah [[Perang Salib]] umumnya mengabaikan pelabuhan ini dan sejak saat itu Pelusium yang sudah mulai menurun akhirnya lenyap dari sejarah.
== Referensi ==
Baris 102 ⟶ 125:
[[Kategori:Kota di Mesir Kuno]]
[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Yehezkiel]]
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