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:<big> א ב ג ד ו ה ח ז ט י ל כ מ נ ס ע פ צ</big><br>
:<big> || ק ר ש ת</big><br>
There is some debate over whether the forms of these letters are anticipatory of later developments in Hebrew and should thus be characterized as "Palaeo-Hebrew" or whether they lack such features and should be characterized as "Phoenician" or more generally "South Canaanite."<ref>For an introduction to difficulties of labeling this script, see P. Kyle McCarter, "Paleographic Notes on the Tel Zayit Abecedary," and Christopher A. Rollston, "The Phoenician Script of the Tel Zayit Abecedary and Putative Evidence for Israelite Literacy," both in ''Literate Culture and Tenth Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context'' (ed. Ron E. Tappy and P. Kyle McCarter, Jr.; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008), 45-96.</ref> ▼
▲ThereAda isperdebatan someapakah debatebentuk overhuruf-huruf whetherini themerupakan formspermulaan ofdari theseperkembangan lettersmenjadi arehuruf anticipatoryIbrani, ofsehingga laterdikarakterisasi developmentssebagai in[[abjad HebrewIbrani and should thus be characterized asKuno|abjad "Palaeo-Hebrew" /Ibrani-Kuno]] oratau whetherapakah theyhuruf-huruf lackini suchtidak featuresmengandung andtanda-tanda perkembangan sehingga harus shoulddikarakterisasi besebagai characterized[[abjad asFenisia|abjad "Phoenician" /Fenisia]] oratau moresecara generallyumum "South Canaanite ." /Kanaan Selatan.<ref> ForSebuah anpengantar introductionmengenai tokesulitan difficultiesmemberi oflabel labelingpada this script,tulisan seeini: P. Kyle McCarter, "Paleographic Notes on the Tel Zayit Abecedary," and Christopher A. Rollston, "The Phoenician Script of the Tel Zayit Abecedary and Putative Evidence for Israelite Literacy," both in ''Literate Culture and Tenth Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context'' (ed. Ron E. Tappy and P. Kyle McCarter, Jr.; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008), 45-96.</ref>
The side opposite this inscription has a bowl-shaped depression measuring 18.5 cm x 14.5 cm x 6.7 cm deep.<ref>Ron E. Tappy et al. "An Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah," ''BASOR'' 344 (2006): 5-6, 26.</ref> Other similar ground stone objects have been recovered at Tel Zayit. Their function is uncertain, but "they may have served as mortars, door sockets, or basins of some kind."<ref>ibid., 25</ref> ▼
▲TheSisi sidesebaliknya oppositedari thisbatu inscriptionini hasmempunyai alekukan bowl-shapedberbentuk mangkok depressioncekung measuringberukuran 18.5 cm x 14.5 cm x 6.7 cm deepdalamnya.<ref>Ron E. Tappy et al. "An Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah," ''BASOR'' 344 (2006): 5-6, 26.</ref> OtherBenda-benda similardari groundbatu stonepahatan objectssedemikian havejuga beenditemukan recovered atdi Tel Zayit. Their functionFungsinya istidak uncertainjelas, buttetapi " theymungkin maytelah havedipakai servedsebagai assebuah mortarslumpang (''mortar''), doorsoket socketspintu, oratau basinssejenis ofbaskom some kind(''basin'')."<ref>ibid., 25</ref>
== Circumstances of the Discovery ==
== Penemuan ==
ExcavationsEkskavasi underdi thebawah direction ofpimpinan Ron E. Tappy ofdari Pittsburgh Theological Seminary have beentelah conducteddilangsungkan atdi [[Tel Zayit]] duringselama thetahun-tahun 1999-2001, 2005, 2007, anddan 2009-2011 seasons.<ref>Ron E. Tappy, "The 1998 Preliminary Survey of Khirbet Zeitah el Kharab (Tel Zayit) in the Shephelah of Judah," ''BASOR'' 319 (2000): 7-36; idem, "The Depositional History of Iron Age Tel Zayit: A Response to Finkelstein, Sass, and Lily Singer-Avitz," ''Eretz Israel'' 30 (2011): 127*-143*.</ref> A volunteerSeorang excavatorsukarelawan, Daniel Rypma, discoveredmenemukan thebatu stonetersebut onpada Julytanggal 15, Juli 2005.<ref>Tappy et al., "Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century," 42.</ref>
== SignificanceNilai penting ==
TheInskripsi inscriptionini was discoveredditemukan ''[[in situ]]'' in("di whattempat") appearsdalam toapa beyang anampaknya tertiarymerupakan usagepenggunaan astersier partdari ofsuatu wallbagian tembok 2307/2389 indalam ''square O19''.<ref>In the ''editio princeps'', the authors write that "the utilization of the Tel Zayit stone as a writing surface seems likely to have been secondary to its original purpose, so that the subsequent appropriation of the inscribed boulder as a building block might be described as tertiary" (Tappy et al., "Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century," 25).</ref> Like theSebagaimana [[GezerKalender CalendarGezer]], theurutan abjad (''abecedary'') isini anmerupakan importantsaksi witnesspenting tobagi thebentuk-bentuk letterhuruf formsyang indigunakan usedi indaerah the[[Mesopotamia]] Levantdalam inZaman the early IronBesi Ageawal. Sejumlah Severalkesimpulan inferencesdapat mayditarik be drawn from itsdari contentisi anddan contextkonteksnya:
* The authors of thePengarang-pengarang ''editio princeps'' supportmendukung thekesimpulan conclusionbahwa thatdengan givenadanya "thekronologi wellarkeo-establishedpaleografik archaeo-palaeographicyang chronologyjelas oftersusun thedari inskripsi Tel Zayit inscription... anddan theafiliasi clearbudaya culturalyang affiliationjelas ofdari itskonteks archaeologicalarkeologinya contextdengan with thedataran Judaeantinggi highlandsYudea, wesecara maylogis reasonablykami associatedapat itmenghubungkannya withdengan thekemunculan nascent kingdom of[[Kerajaan JudahYehuda]]."<ref>Tappy et al., "Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century," 42.</ref> ItPerlu shoulddicatat bebahwa noted,penafsiran however,ini thatmasih thisdiperdebatkan interpretationdari hassisi been challenged on both palaeographicpaleografis<ref>Rollston, "Phoenician Script," 61-63</ref> andmaupun archaeologicalarkeologis.<ref>Israel Finkelstein, Benjamin Sass, and Lily Singer-Avitz, "Writing in Iron IIA Philistia in the Light of the Tel Zayit/Zeta Abecedary," ''ZDPV'' 124 (2008): 1-14</ref> grounds.
* The Tel Zayit abecedary adds to the corpus of inland Canaanite alphabetic inscriptions from the early Iron Age and thus provides additional evidence for literacy in the region during this period. While claiming a certain "level" or "percentage" of literacy on the basis of this and similar inscriptions is notoriously difficult, one might argue, as one recent contributor to the discussion, that because "Tel Zayit is... small enough and distant enough from Jerusalem... the presence of this inscription there might be taken as testimony of more widespread writing across more far-flung and minor administrative centers of Judah."<ref>David M. Carr, "The Tel Zayit Abecedary in (Social) Context," in ''Literate Culture and Tenth Century Canaan'', 126.</ref>
* Batu Zayit ini menambah jumlah koleksi abjad Kanaan daratan dari Zaman Batu awal, sehingga memberikan bukti bahwa penduduk zaman itu telah [[melek huruf]]. Meskipun sulit menentukan seberapa jauh tingkat melek huruf ini berdasarkan inskripsi ini maupun yang lain, dapat diutarakan bahwa karena "Tel Zayit ... cukup kecil dan cukup jauh dari Yerusalem... kehadiran tulisan ini dapat menjadi kesaksian bahwa sistem penulisan telah tersebar luas mencapai pusat-pusat adminstrasi kecil yang tersebar jauh di Yehuda."<ref>David M. Carr, "The Tel Zayit Abecedary in (Social) Context," in ''Literate Culture and Tenth Century Canaan'', 126.</ref>
* In addition to preserving writing as such, the inscription preserves an ordered sequence of letters, though this differs at points from those of other abecedaries from the Late Bronze and Iron Age Levant.<ref>For a useful chart, see Seth L. Sanders, "Writing and Early Iron Age Israel: Before National Scripts, Beyond Nations and States," in ''Literate Culture and Tenth Century Canaan'', 102.</ref> Particularly, ''waw'' is placed before ''he'', ''het'' is placed before ''zayin'', and ''lamed'' is placed before ''kaph''. In this last instance, a large X appears to mark a mistake realized by the scribe himself. This may indicate that the author was poorly educated or that the alphabetic order had yet to fully stabilize.
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