Wikipedia

ITunes: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Mengembalikan ke revisi 5906986 bertanggal 2012-08-16 19:18:30 oleh JYBot menggunakan popups
Baris 1:
{{judul|iTunes}}
{{About|the application|the online media service|iTunes Store}}
 
{{lowercase title}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox software
| name = iTunes
| logo = [[Berkas:ITunes Logo.png|64px|iTunes icon]]
| logo =
| screenshot = [[Berkas:ITunes_screenshot.png|300px]]
| caption = iTunes 10.5 di [[Mac OS X Lion]]
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| released = {{start date and age|January 9, 2001|01|09}}
| frequently updated = yes <!-- Release version update? Don't edit this page, just click on the version number! -->
| operating_system = [[Mac OS X]], [[Microsoft Windows]]
| size = 126.23&nbsp;[[MegabyteMegabita|MB]] (variesbervariasi bymenurut OS)<ref name="iTunes file sizes">[http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1426 iTunes 10.6.1], iTunes 10.6.1 installerVersi fileterbaru sizessaat ini.</ref>
| language = 2319 languagesbahasa<ref name="iTunes languages">[http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1103 iTunes 10.3.1], The 2319 supported languages that iTunes is available in.</ref>
| status = ActiveAktif
| genre = [[MediaPemutar playermedia (applicationperangkat lunak softwareaplikasi)|MediaPemutar playermedia]]
| license = [[ProprietaryPerangkat software|Proprietarygratis]] [[freewarePerangkat lunak tak bebas|tak bebas]]
| website = {{URL|www.apple.com/itunes}}
}}
 
'''iTunes''' adalah sebuah [[piranti lunak]] dari [[Apple Computer]] yang bisa memutar, mengorganisasi dan membeli lagu (dari [[iTunes Store]]). iTunes juga bisa digunakan untuk mengelola isi di [[iPod]], [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]] dan [[iPad]]. Para pengguna [[iOS]] menggunakan iTunes untuk mengunduh aplikasi dari App Store. Piranti lunak ini tersedia dalam versi yang bisa dijalankan menggunakan sistem operasi [[Mac OS X]], [[Windows]] [[Windows 2000|2000]], [[Windows XP|XP]] dan [[Windows Vista|Vista]]. Versi iTunes yang sebelumnya juga bisa dijalankan dalam [[Mac OS 9]] namun Apple sudah tidak menyediakannya lagi. Piranti ini telah mendapatkan reputasi karena mudah digunakan dan organisasi lagunya yang bagus.
'''iTunes''' is a [[media player (application software)|media player]] and media library application developed by [[Apple Inc.]] It is used to play, download, save, and organize digital [[Sound reproduction|audio]] and video on personal computers running the [[OS X]] operating system and the [[iOS]]-based [[iPod]], [[iPhone]], and [[iPad]] devices. Editions of iTunes are also released for [[Microsoft Windows]]. It can connect to the [[iTunes Store]] to let users purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, [[iPod game]]s, [[audiobook]]s, [[podcast]]s, movies and movie rentals in select countries, and [[ringtone]]s, available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward.) It is also used to download [[application software]] from the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] for the iPhone, iPad and [[iPod Touch]]. iTunes has been criticized for not being able to transfer music from one portable device to another.
 
Sebelum munculnya iTunes, sebuah perusahaan piranti lunak [[Casady & Greene]] sudah menciptakan sebuah piranti pemutar lagu bernama [[SoundJam MP]]. Apple membeli piranti lunak tersebut dari Casady & Greene dan membawa tiga ''programmer'' dari perusahaan tersebut untuk menciptakan iTunes. Versi iTunes yang pertama terlihat sangat mirip dengan SoundJam MP hanya ditambah dengan kemampuan merekam lagu ke dalam CD dan beberapa perubahan dalam penampilannya. Untuk versi selanjutnya Apple sudah menambahkan banyak fitur lainnya.
iTunes was introduced on January 9, 2001.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Apple Introduces iTunes&nbsp;— World’s Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=2001-01-09|url=http://web.archive.org/web/200101240835/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/jan/09itunes.html|accessdate=2008-04-20}}, at Apple's September 2010 "Music" [[Stevenote|keynote]], iTunes 10 was announced.</ref> In June 2010, Apple released a new [[privacy policy]] relating to the establishment and collection of users' real-time location information.<ref name="http://www.apple.com/privacy">[http://www.apple.com/privacy/ Customer Privacy Policy]. Apple (2010-06-21). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> The information had been included in various device-specific [[EULA]]s since 2008, but was not included in Apple's general privacy policy until 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/06/apple-location-privacy-iphone-ipad.html | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Technology | date=2010-06-21}}</ref>
 
== Fitur ==
iTunes 10.7 is the most recent version of iTunes<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/apple-may-launch-itunes-11-ibooks-3-alongside-142625508.html Apple May Launch iPad 11, iBooks 3 Alongside iPad Mini], Yahoo! News, 2012</ref> available for [[Mac OS X]] v10.6.8 or later, as well as [[Windows XP]], [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows 8]]. On September 12, 2012, with the announcement of the [[iPhone 5]] and the new generations of the [[iPod Nano]] and [[iPod Touch]], Apple announced a revamped version of iTunes to be released in October 2012,<ref name="newitunes">{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/itunes/new-itunes/ |title=This is iTunes like you’ve never seen it before |work=apple.com |publisher= |accessdate=October 14, 2012}}</ref> however the release was pushed back to the end of November after Apple revealed it was taking longer than expected to finalise the software.<ref name="itunesdelay">{{cite web|url=http://allthingsd.com/20121030/apple-delays-itunes-refresh/|title=Apple Delays iTunes Refresh Until November|work=allthingsd.com|publisher=|accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref>
iTunes memiliki fitur yang memungkinkan penggunanya untuk mengorganisasi, mengubah informasi dan merekam lagu dari sebuah CD. Selain itu iTunes juga bisa mengirim lagu ke dalam perangkat pemutar lagu, [[iPod]], dan juga membeli lagu dari iTunes Store melalui internet.
 
Salah satu fitur iTunes yang menarik adalah kemampuannya untuk membuat '''Smart Playlist''' yang merupakan sebuah ''playlist'' yang bisa mengubah isinya bila pengguna melakukan manipulasi terhadap lagu yang ada di dalam koleksinya.
==History==
{{See also|iTunes version history}}
[[SoundJam MP]], developed by [[Bill Kincaid]] and released by [[Casady & Greene]] in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panic.com/extras/audionstory/popup-sjstory.html|title=The True Story of SoundJam|first=Bill|last=Kincaid|publisher=[[Panic (company)|Panic]]|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> was renamed iTunes when [[Apple, Inc.|Apple]] purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] as part of the acquisition, where they continue to work today as the software's original developers. They simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and [[skin (computing)|skin]] support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panic.com/extras/audionstory/|title=The true story of Audion|first=Cabel|last=Sasser|authorlink=Cabel Sasser|publisher=[[Panic (company)|Panic]]|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at [[Macworld]] San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began poking through iTunes' [[resource fork]], where they discovered numerous [[String (computer science)|strings]] and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.<ref name="Mac Observer">
Mac Observer - [http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/05/07.10.shtml Casady & Greene Discontinues SoundJam MP At Developer's Request]</ref>
 
== Perpustakaan musik ==
Originally a [[Mac OS 9]]-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/oct/23itunes.html|title=Apple Announces iTunes 2|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=2001-10-23|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> version 3 dropped Mac OS 9 support but added smart [[#Playlists|playlists]] and a ratings system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/17itunes.html|title=Apple Announces iTunes 3|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=2002-07-17|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> In April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the [[iTunes Store]]; in October, version 4.1 added support for [[Microsoft Windows 2000]] and [[Windows XP]].<ref name="iTunes 4">{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=93141|title=iTunes 4: What's New|date=June 23, 2004|publisher=Apple|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new [[iPod Shuffle]], Version 4.7.1 introduced the ability to automatically convert higher-bitrate songs to 128kbit/s [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] as these devices did not natively support audio encoded in [[AIFF]] or [[Apple Lossless]] formats, also improving the [[value proposition]] of the Shuffle's limited [[Flash storage|flash-only storage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manuals.info.apple.com/en/ipodshuffleuserguide.pdf|title=iPod Shuffle Users Guide|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=2005-01-11|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref> Version 7.0 introduced [[gapless playback]] and [[Cover Flow]] in September 2006.<ref name="iTunes 7">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/sep/12itunes7.html|title=Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=Apple|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for [[Windows Vista]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20031016-2986.html|title=iTunes and the iTunes Music Store comes to Windows|first=Ken|last=Fisher|date=2003-10-16|publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> and 7.3.2 was the last Windows 2000 version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldapps.com/itunes.php?old_itunes=37|title=Win2Ksp4}}</ref> iTunes lacked support for [[64-bit Windows|64-bit]] versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16, 2008. iTunes is currently supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still [[32-bit Windows|32-bit]]. The 64-bit versions of [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] are not supported by [[Apple Inc|Apple]], but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems.<ref>[http://www.planetamd64.com/index.php?showtopic=35132&st=0&p=327771&#entry327771 iTunes is now 64-bit]. [[PlanetAMD64]]. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Version 8.0 added [[#Genius|Genius]] playlists, grid view, and a new default [[Music visualization|visualizer]].<ref name="iTunes 8">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09itunes.html|title=Apple Announces iTunes 8|date=September 9, 2008|publisher=Apple|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> iTunes 9 added "Home Share", enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same [[Subnetwork|subnet]] and offers a new iTunes Store {{Abbr|UI|user interface}}. [[#Genius|Genius Mix]]es were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities, extending the iPod Shuffle 128 kbit/s down-convert feature to all of Apple's AAC-capable devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes 9.1: What's Changed|url=http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/193054/itunes_91_whats_changed.html|work=PCWorld|publisher=PCWorld Communications, Inc.|accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref> It also adds [[iTunes LP]]s to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added [[iTunes Extras]] as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] discs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple premieres &#91;sic&#93; new look [[iTunes 9]] |url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?newsid=27127 |accessdate=2009-09-10 |date=2009-09-09}}</ref> Both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards [[HTML]], [[JavaScript]] and [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple rivals DVD with new iTunes Extras for movies and albums |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/09/09/apple_rivals_dvd_with_new_itunes_extras_for_movies_and_albums.html |accessdate=2009-09-12 | date=2009-09-09}}</ref>
iTunes menyimpan informasi tentang setiap lagi di dalam dua dokumen yang berbeda. Dokumen yang pertama adalah sebuah dokumen dengan format binari bernama ''iTunes 4 Music Library''. Dokumen ini adalah dokumen utama yang digunakan oleh iTunes untuk menyusun koleksi lagunya. Dokumen yang kedua memiliki format [[XML]] yang diberi nama ''iTunes Music Library.xml''. Dokumen ini tidak digunakan oleh iTunes namun disediakan agar piranti lunak lainnya seperti [[iDVD]], [[iMovie]] dan [[iPhoto]] yang dibuat oleh Apple sendiri, ataupun piranti buatan perusahaan lainnya bisa mendapat informasi yang lengkap tentang isi koleksi lagu milik pengguna iTunes tersebut.
 
== Format dokumen ==
A version of iTunes<ref>[http://www.statista.com/statistics/157934/number-of-apps-in-the-itunes-app-store-since-2008/ Statistics on the Number of Apps in the iTunes App Store (Since 2008)], 148Apps.biz, 2012.</ref> was shipped with cell phones from [[Motorola]], which included the ability to sync music from an iTunes library to the cellphone, as well as a similar interface between both platforms. Since the release of the [[iPhone]], Apple has stopped distributing iTunes with other manufacturers' phones. In the absence of support from Apple, [[Nokia]] has released a Mac application called ''Nokia Multimedia Transfer'' that supports transferring data from iTunes and [[iPhoto]] onto some Nokia devices.<ref>[http://europe.nokia.com/get-support-and-software/download-software/nokia-multimedia-transfer Nokia Multimedia Transfer]. Europe.nokia.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]], however, reverse-engineered iTunes to allow its [[Palm Pre|Pre]] device to sync directly with iTunes. It did this by fooling iTunes into thinking the device was an iPod.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/07/sync-your-palm-pre-with-itunes-again/ |title=Sync Your Palm Pre with iTunes. Again &#124; Gadget Lab |publisher=Wired.com |accessdate=2010-08-14 |first=Charlie |last=Sorrel |date=2009-07-17}}</ref>
Saat ini iTunes bisa memutar dokumen dengan format [[MP3]], [[AIFF]], [[WAV]], [[AAC]] dan [[Apple Lossless]]. Karena iTunes menggunakan teknologi [[QuickTime]], banyak dokumen yang bisa dimainkan dengan piranti lunak QuickTime juga bisa diputar dengan iTunes. iTunes juga bisa memainkan lagu yang dibeli dari iTunes Store dan bahkan format yang bebas seperti [[OGG]] dengan menambahkan ''plug-in'' ke dalam komponen QuickTime.
 
iTunes versi [[Windows]] bahkan bisa mengubah dokumen jenis [[WMA]] menjadi AAC langsung di dalam program iTunes tersebut. Namun iTunes tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memainkan dokumen WMA secara langsung.
In late March 2010, Apple released version 9.1, which has support for the iPad and its [[iBooks]] application.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/ipad/specs/|title=Apple – iPad – View the technical specifications for the iPad.|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
In late June 2010, Apple released version 9.2, which brought support for the new [[iPhone 4]], as well as any iDevices running [[iOS 4]], and included support for the new iPhone and [[iPod Touch]] version of the iBooks app.<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes Update version 9.2 |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1056 |accessdate=2012-04-20 | date=2012-04-20}}</ref>
<references/>
 
== Pranala luar ==
On September 1, 2010, Apple held their annual music press event, where they unveiled an updated version: iTunes 10. The new version was available for download later that day. One major feature includes the integration of [[iTunes Ping]], which brings a [[Social media|social factor]] to the iTunes experience. Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] also announced a new logo, one without a CD in the background because of the increasing popularity of iTunes digital downloads.{{cn|date=July 2012}}
* [http://www.apple.com/itunes/ Situs resmi iTunes]
{{Pemutar media (perangkat lunak aplikasi)}}
{{teknologi-stub}}
 
[[Kategori:Apple Inc.]]
==Features==
[[Image:ITunes 8 visualizer.png|thumb|iTunes includes [[Music visualization|visualizers]]. Shown is a visualizer first delivered with iTunes 8, including black orbs and moving specks of light.]]
iTunes acts as a front end for Apple's [[QuickTime]] media player. Officially, it is required in order to manage the audio data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad, although [[Comparison of iPod managers|alternative software]] does exist. Users can organize their music into [[playlist]]s within one or more libraries, edit file information, record [[Compact Disc]]s, copy files to a [[digital audio player]], purchase music and videos through its built-in music store ([[iTunes Store]]), download free [[podcast]]s, back up songs onto a CD or DVD, run a visualizer to display graphical effects in time to the music, and encode music into a number of different audio formats. There is also a large selection of free internet radio stations to listen to.
Additionally, users can add PDF files to their library (to add [[Digital booklet|digital liner notes]] to their albums, for example). The PDFs can be synchronized with and read on an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad, but not a regular iPod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organize your PDF library with iTunes|author=Gina Trapani|url=http://lifehacker.com/software/pdf/geek-to-live--organize-your-pdf-library-with-itunes-240447.php|accessdate=2008-08-13}}</ref>
 
In iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the ''Preferences'' window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected song's title, artist, album, and genre that link directly to the iTunes Store. These arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disable iTunes store arrow links in iTunes 8|publisher=Mac OS X Hints|author=Rob Griffiths|url=http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20080909130752871&query=itunes%2Barrows|accessdate=2008-11-17|date=September 9, 2008}}</ref>
 
===Media management===
iTunes keeps track of songs by creating a virtual library, allowing users to access and edit a song's attributes. These attributes, known as [[metadata]], are stored in two separate library files. The first is a binary file called ''iTunes Library'' and it uses a proprietary file format ("ITL"). It caches information like artist and genre from the audio format's tag capabilities (the [[ID3]] tag, for example) and stores iTunes-specific information like play count and rating. iTunes typically reads library data only from this file.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1660 | title=iTunes: What are the iTunes library files? | accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref> The second file, ''iTunes Music Library.xml'', is refreshed whenever information in iTunes is changed. It uses an [[XML]] format, allowing developers to easily write applications that can access the library information (including play count, last played date, and rating, which are not standard fields in the ID3v2.3 format). Apple's own [[iDVD]], [[iMovie]], and [[iPhoto]] applications all access the library.<ref>[http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1660 What are the iTunes library files?]. Support.apple.com (2011-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> If the first file exists but is corrupted, such as by making it zero-length, iTunes will attempt to reconstruct it from the XML file. Detailed third-party instructions regarding this are documented elsewhere.<ref>[http://hifiblog.com/past/2006/05/11/howto-move-your-itunes-music-while-preserving-library-data-when-you-dont-let-itunes-manage-your-music-library/ HOWTO: Move your iTunes music while preserving library data (when you don’t let iTunes manage your music library)]. Hifiblog.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Beginning with iTunes 10.5.3 this behavior has been changed such that the XML file is not read automatically to recreate the database when the database is corrupted. Rather, the user should load the iTunes Library.xml file via File > Library > Import Playlist....
 
It has also been noted that iTunes does not automatically track changes to actual files in the library. If a file is moved or deleted, iTunes will display an [[exclamation mark]] beside the library entry and the user will need to manually amend the library record. Several [[Third-party developer|third party tools]] address this problem.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Pash|title=Hack Attack: Automatically sync iTunes to any folder(s)|publisher=Hack Attack|url=http://lifehacker.com/software/itunes/hack-attack-automatically-sync-itunes-to-any-folders-175161.php|accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref>
 
iTunes supports [[ripping]] from CDs, but not from DVDs. However, in 2008, Apple and select film studios introduced "iTunes [[Digital Copy]]", a bonus feature on some DVDs that provides a copy-protected and iTunes-compatible file for select films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15fox.html|title=Twentieth Century Fox & Apple Introduce iTunes Digital Copy|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref>
 
====File format support====
iTunes 10 can currently read, write and convert between [[MP3]], [[Audio Interchange File Format|AIFF]], [[WAV]], [[MPEG-4]], [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] and [[Apple Lossless]] (.m4a).<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes: How to convert a song to a different file format|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1550|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref>
 
iTunes can also play any audio files that [[QuickTime]] can play (as well as some video formats), including [[FairPlay|Protected AAC]] files from the iTunes Store and [[Audible.com]] audio books. There is limited support for [[Vorbis]] and [[Free Lossless Audio Codec|FLAC]] enclosed in an [[Ogg]] [[Container format (digital)|container]] (files using the Ogg container format are not natively supported) or [[Speex]] codecs with the [[Xiph QuickTime Components]]. Because tag editing and album art is done within iTunes and not QuickTime, these features will not work with these QuickTime components. As of Snow Leopard, iTunes 9 (Mac) will play HE-AAC / AAC+ internet streams. The latest version of iTunes (Win/Mac) supports importing audio CDs with the default iTunes standard file format of AAC at 256&nbsp;kbit/s, but users can choose from 16&nbsp;kbit/s to 320&nbsp;kbit/s constant bit rates (CBR) in either AAC or MP3.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Importing of audio CDs into MP3 or AAC formats can also be accomplished using [[variable bitrate]] (VBR) encoding.
 
The Windows version of iTunes can automatically transcode DRM-free [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]] (including version 9) files to other audio formats, but does not support playback of WMA files and will not transcode DRM protected WMA files. [[Telestream|Telestream, Inc.]] provides free codecs for Mac users of QuickTime to enable playback of unprotected Windows Media files. These codecs are recommended by [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Windows Media Components for QuickTime|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|url=http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/player/wmcomponents.mspx}}</ref>
 
In addition to importing CDs into the iTunes library, the user can also import non-Apple mp3 files from [[Amazon.com]] and other sources. This can be accomplished by either right clicking on the file, selecting open with, and then selecting iTunes or dragging the file into the open iTunes window. Alternatively, for Amazon.com mp3s, the Amazon MP3 Downloader application will automatically import the mp3 files into the iTunes library.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_200143320_itunes?nodeId=200593990#downloadlocations Help: Downloading Music: To Your Computer]. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref>
 
====File metadata====
For MP3 files, iTunes writes tags in ID3v2.2 using UCS-2 encoding by default, but converting them to ID3v2.3 (UCS-2 encoding) and ID3v2.4 (which uses UTF-8 encoding) is possible via its "Advanced" > "Convert ID3 Tags" toolbar menu. If both ID3v2.x and ID3v1.x tags are in a file, iTunes ignores the ID3v1.x tags.<ref name=AppleCreCon>[http://images.apple.com/support/itunes_u/docs/iTunes_U_Creating_Content.pdf Creating Content for iPod + iTunes]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref>
 
Advanced Audio Coding and Apple Lossless files support Unicode metadata, stored in the MPEG-4 Part 14 container as so-called "atoms". The QuickTime plugin that supports the OGG container format has no support for tag editing or album art.<ref name=AppleCreCon />{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
iTunes uses the [[Gracenote]] interactive audio CD database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. The service can be set to activate when a CD is inserted into the computer and an Internet connection is available. Track names for albums imported to iTunes while not connected to the Internet can be obtained during a later connection, by a manual procedure.<ref>[http://www.gracenote.com/casestudies/itunes/ iTunes]. Gracenote. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> For any album loaded into iTunes for which there is not an existing Gracenote track listing, the user can choose to submit track name data to Gracenote.<ref>[http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=iTunesMac/8.0/en/15455.html Sending CD information to the Gracenote CDDB]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>
 
File metadata is displayed in columns, including album, artist, beats per minute, bit rate, composer, date added, date modified, disc number, genre, last played, last skipped, plays, purchase date, size, skips, time, track number, year, and a few fields that may be supplied by users, such as description, kind, and rating. Metadata fields not loaded with the song, or added by a user, remain blank.
 
====Genius====
The Genius feature, introduced in iTunes 8, [[recommendation system|automatically generates]] a playlist of songs from the user's library which are similar to the selected song. Genius playlists are created by the ratings system and [[collaborative filtering]]. An [[iTunes Store]] account is required because information about the user's library must first be sent [[anonymity|anonymously]] to Apple's [[database]]. [[Algorithm]]s determine which songs to play based on other users' libraries, and Genius becomes more intelligent given a larger [[data set]]. The resulting Genius playlist can contain 25, 50, 75, or 100 songs and can be refreshed for new results or saved. The iTunes Sidebar recommends selections for purchase from the iTunes Store based on the selected library track.<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes get silent "upgrade," Genius sidebar returns
|url=http://www.macnn.com/articles/10/10/30/also.features.ping.summary.and.new.controls/ |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> Once Genius becomes active in iTunes, it can be used on current generations of the iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Touch or the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/itunes/features/#genius|title=Apple&nbsp;— iTunes&nbsp;— View every feature of iTunes 8.|publisher=Apple|date=2008-02-07}}</ref> iTunes 9 added Genius Mixes, where the Genius software finds similar music and automatically puts them into mixes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple&nbsp;— iTunes&nbsp;— What's New |url=http://www.apple.com/itunes/whats-new/ |accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref>
iTunes Genius creates playlists from the user's existing iTunes library based on a single selected song. Genius Mixes create playlists based on the musical genre.
 
====Library sharing====
One way of sharing a library is over the network, known as network sharing. A user's iTunes Library can be shared over a local network using the closed, proprietary [[Digital Audio Access Protocol]] (DAAP), created by Apple for this purpose. DAAP relies on the [[Bonjour (software)|Bonjour]] network service discovery framework, Apple's implementation of the [[Zero configuration networking|Zeroconf]] open network standard. Apple has not made the DAAP specification available to the general public, only to third-party licensees such as [[Roku]]. However, the protocol has been [[reverse engineering|reverse-engineered]] and is now used to stream audio from non-Apple software (mainly on the [[Linux]] platform).<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Audio Access Protocol|publisher=[[Sourceforge]]|work=DAAP|url=http://daap.sourceforge.net/|accessdate=2006-01-12}}</ref>
DAAP allows shared lists of songs within the same [[subnetwork|subnet]] to be automatically detected. When a song is shared, iTunes can stream the song but won't save it on the local hard drive, in order to prevent unauthorized copying. Songs in [[FairPlay|Protected AAC]] format can also be accessed, but authentication is required. A maximum of five users may connect to a single user every 24 hours. The multiple, alternate "View" options normally available to iTunes users including "Cover Flow" are disabled when viewing a shared library over a network.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
 
Library sharing was first introduced with iTunes 4.0, where users could freely access shared music anywhere over the Internet, in addition to one's own subnet, by specifying [[IP address]]es of remote shared song libraries. Apple quickly removed this feature with version 4.0.1, claiming that users were violating the [[Software license agreement|End User License Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes 4.0.1 Restricts Music Sharing|url=http://db.tidbits.com/article/7199|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref>
 
With the release of iTunes 7.0, Apple changed their implementation of DAAP. This change prevents any third-party client, such as a computer running Linux, a modified [[Xbox]], or any computer without iTunes installed, from connecting to a remote iTunes repository. iTunes will still connect as a client to other iTunes servers and to third-party servers.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=snorp.net | title=iTunes 7 | work=DAAP | url=http://www.snorp.net/log/2006/09/12/itunes-7/ | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070222232636/http://www.snorp.net/log/2006/09/12/itunes-7/ | archivedate=2007-02-22 | date=2006-09-12 | accessdate=2007-01-23 }}</ref>
 
iTunes libraries can also be shared using the “Home Share” option. This option enables users to share both video and audio files through the application. This allows users to also look for items that they don’t already have.<ref>[http://gigaom.com/apple/itunes-9-at-home-with-home-sharing/ iTunes 9: At Home With Home Sharing — Apple News, Tips and Reviews]. Gigaom.com (2009-09-11). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Like network sharing, it allows users to share over the same network to up to five computers. The media can then be transferred to any type of iPod or iPad. To set up home sharing, the two computers being used must be on the same network as well as set up using the same [[Apple ID]].
 
Another option to share music files is to burn CDs. To do this the user needs to create a playlist with the songs the user wishes to share. If the playlist exceeds roughly twenty songs it is likely they will need to make multiple CDs. By inserting a disk into the disk drive a button on the bottom of the window should give the option to burn a disk. The files are automatically downloaded to the disk and may be uploaded onto another computer or saved as a backup for the user’s computer.
 
====Library viewing modes====
[[File:Coverflowitunes7mac.png|thumbnail|right|[[Cover Flow]] allows users to browse their libraries visually by [[Album cover|cover art]].]] iTunes has four different views for music and video libraries – a song list, an album list, Grid View or [[Cover Flow]].
 
The standard song list view displays library files with several detail fields.
 
Album lists are much the same as the standard list view, only the list is broken up by albums, with the artwork as the header of the list. Album lists were introduced in iTunes 10.0, and although this view allows users to browse content more visually, sorting the list view by name will accordingly break up the library into redundant instances of each album.
 
Cover Flow was introduced in iTunes 7.0 and it displays the album art as CD covers in a sliding format at the top of the screen. Under the album art is a small list of all the songs in that album. Compilation albums are only shown as a single album cover. If there is no album artwork, iTunes will display the default music note pictures.
 
Grid View is similar to Cover Flow, displaying the user's cover art in a grid rather than a side-scrolling format. While using this view mode, music can be grouped into album, artist, genre, or composer. Grid View was introduced in iTunes 8.0.
 
iTunes can also sort albums by artist or year, to make its artwork-centered interfaces more intuitive.
 
====Playlists====
In addition to static playlist support, version 3 of iTunes introduced support for [[virtual folder|smart playlists]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/17itunes.html | title=Apple Announces iTunes 3 | author=Apple | date=July 17, 2002 | publisher=Apple | accessdate=2006-12-25}}</ref> Smart playlists are playlists that can be set to automatically filter the library based on a customized list of selection criteria, much like a [[database]] query. Multiple criteria can be entered to manage the smart playlist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating Smart Playlists|url=http://www.apple.com/ilife/tutorials/itunes/it2-2.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060707094844/http://www.apple.com/ilife/tutorials/itunes/it2-2.html|archivedate=2006-07-07|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=2006-07-02}}</ref>
 
Some automatic smart playlists that are added to the user’s library include Top 25 Most Played, Recently Played, Recently Added, My Top Rated, Music Videos, Classical Music, Purchased, and 90’s Music. While creating Smart Playlists the user has to choose whether they want the playlist to be based on genre, whether or not the songs have album artwork, date added, etc. and if they want it to contain or not contain certain genres or artists. For example, a genre like [[country music]], or songs added in a specific month or year, or an individual artist. The user can also limit the amount of songs they want in the playlist or they can leave it as unlimited. The Live Updating option will automatically update their new playlist as their library changes.<ref>Sam Costello [http://Ipod.about.com/od/advanceditunesuse/ss/smart_playlists.htm Creating Smart Playlists in iTunes]. Ipod.about.com</ref>
 
Any user of iTunes can publish a playlist to the iTunes Store with his or her own preferences, which is called an [[#iMix|iMix]].
 
Introduced in iTunes 4.5,<ref>{{cite web|title=4.5: Hits and Misses|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/30797/2004/04/000169.html|publisher=[[Macworld]]|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> the "Party Shuffle" playlist was intended as a simple [[Disc jockey|DJing]] aid.<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes Tutorial: Apple&nbsp;— iLife&nbsp;— Tutorials&nbsp;— iTunes&nbsp;— DJ a Party with iTunes|url=http://www.apple.com/support/ilife/tutorials/itunes/it4-6.html|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> By default, it selects tracks randomly from other playlists or the library, but users can override the automatic selections by deleting tracks (iTunes will choose new ones to replace them) or by adding their own via [[drag-and-drop]] or [[Context menu|contextual menu]]. This allows a mixture of both preselected and random tracks in the same meta-playlist. The playlist from which Party Shuffle drew could be changed on the fly by the computer user, but doing so will cause all randomly chosen tracks to disappear and be replaced.
 
Party Shuffle was renamed iTunes DJ in iTunes 8. When iTunes was updated to 8.1, quite a few features were added to iTunes DJ. The free Apple Remote application for the iPhone and iPod Touch was also updated at this time that added a new iTunes DJ option in the settings screen when the user is connected to a [[Wi-Fi]] network and a new song request feature is enabled in iTunes DJ on the hosts. Along with the song request feature voting on songs in the queue was added, the more votes a song gets the higher in the queue it will be and the sooner it will be played. Song voting can only be done when song requesting is enabled and in two ways: the first by right clicking on a song in the iTunes DJ queue on the host's computer in iTunes, the second is in the Remote application ether connected with the iTunes DJ option by a guest or by the host in the full playlist section. When song requesting is enabled a customizable welcome message is displayed below the host's shared library name in the button used to connect to iTunes DJ.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hands On With iTunes 8.1 and Remote App|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/03/hands-on-with-i/|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired.com]]|accessdate=2009-06-22|first=Charlie|last=Sorrel|date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
 
Playlists can be played [[Randomness|randomly]] or [[Sequence|sequentially]]. The randomness of the shuffle algorithm can be biased for or against playing multiple tracks from the same album or artists in sequence (a feature introduced in iTunes 5.0, and later discontinued in iTunes 8.0). iTunes DJ can also be biased towards selecting tracks with a higher star rating.
 
====Apps====
{{see also|App Store (iOS)}}
The App section on iTunes keeps track of all of the apps the user has downloaded or purchased. It also organizes their apps by genre and there is another tab that lets the user see all of their apps. It also informs the user when they have updates available for their apps.
 
====Sound processing====
iTunes includes sound processing features, such as [[equalization]], "sound enhancement" and [[Crossfade (audio engineering)#Crossfading|crossfade]]. There is also a feature called "Sound Check", which automatically adjusts the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level; this is usually called volume leveling or [[audio normalization]]. Like "sound enhancement" and crossfade, this can be turned on in the Playback section of iTunes' preferences.
 
====Television shows====
In October 2005, the iTunes Store began to offer the option of downloading [[television shows]].<ref>[http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/an-introduction-to-itunes-6s-new-features/ An Introduction to iTunes 6’s New Features]. iLounge Article. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> iTunes offers the option of buying individual episodes of TV shows for $1.99 in standard definition or $2.99 in [[High-definition video|high definition]]. The high definition feature on TV shows was added in July 2008.<ref name="wallstcheatsheet1">[http://wallstcheatsheet.com/breaking-news/a-brief-history-of-apples-itunes.html/ A Brief History of Apple's iTunes]. Wall St. Cheat Sheet (2011-06-16). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> iTunes also offers the ability to buy a season pass for television shows. This allows viewers to buy an entire season that automatically downloads new episodes around twenty-four hours after they air. In the iTunes library, these shows are then categorized by season of the particular show. iTunes also gives the option of ordering shows based on: series, [[genre]], or whether or not the episodes are unwatched. In fall of 2010 iTunes offered TV show rental options, but as of August 2011 this option is no longer offered.<ref>Krazit, Tom. (2011-08-26) [http://paidcontent.org/2011/08/27/419-apple-evicts-tv-show-rentals-from-itunes-store/ Apple Evicts TV Show Rentals From iTunes Store]. mocoNews. Retrieved on 2012-09-25.</ref>
 
====Movies====
In September 2006, iTunes progressed to selling full-length films.<ref name="wallstcheatsheet1"/> This entails downloading movies from the iTunes store. The prices for these range from: $9.99, $14.99 if it is a new release, and $19.99 if it is in [[High-definition video|High Definition]].<ref>[http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/are_movies_from_itunes_store_worth_the_price/ Are Movies from iTunes Store Worth the Price? | Ted Landau's User Friendly View]. The Mac Observer (2009-06-03). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> iTunes also gives the option of renting movies, which began in January 2008.<ref name="wallstcheatsheet1"/> The price for [[renting]] a movie can range from $0.99 if the movie is on sale, $3.99, and $4.99 if the rental is HD. However, iTunes sometimes carries, for a limited time, movies to rent that are available OnDemand, for a price of $6.99 in both SD and HD. Once a rental is downloaded the viewer has thirty days to watch the movie before it expires. Once the viewer begins to watch the movie he/she has twenty-four hours to finish the movie before it expires. Movies can be organized in the iTunes library by title, [[genre]], or unwatched.
 
====Video support====
On May 9, 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8. Users can drag and drop video clips from the computer into the iTunes Library for cataloguing and organization. They can be viewed in a small frame in the main iTunes display, in a separate window, or fullscreen. Before version 7 provided separate libraries for media types, videos were only distinguished from audio in the Library by a small icon resembling a TV screen and grouped with music in the library, organized by the same musical categories (such as "album" and "composer").
 
On October 12, 2005, Apple introduced iTunes 6.0, which added support for purchasing and viewing of video content from the iTunes Music Store. The iTunes Music Store initially offered a selection of thousands of Music Videos and five [[television|TV]] shows, including most notably the ABC network's ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' and ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''. [[Disney Channel]] shows (''[[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]]'' and ''[[That's So Raven]]'') were also offered 24 hours after airing, as well as episode packs from past seasons. Since then, the collection has expanded to include content from numerous television networks. The iTunes Music Store also gives the ability to view Apple's large collection of film trailers.
 
As of September 5, 2006, the iTunes Store offers over 550 television shows for download. Additionally, a catalog of 75 feature-length films from [[Disney]]-owned studios was introduced. As of April 11, 2007, over 500 feature-length films are available through iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|title=Award-Winning MGM Films Now on the iTunes Store: Most Popular Online Movie Store Offers Over 500 Movies|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/11itunes.html|accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref>
 
Originally, films and TV shows were only available to U.S. customers, with the only video content available to non-U.S. customers being music videos and Pixar's short films. This feature is being extended to other countries as licensing issues are resolved.
 
Video content available from the store used to be encoded as 540&nbsp;kbit/s Protected [[MPEG-4]] video ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]]) with an approximately 128&nbsp;kbit/s AAC audio track. Many videos and video podcasts currently require the latest version of QuickTime, QuickTime 7, which is incompatible with older versions of Mac OS (only v10.3.9 and later are supported). On September 12, 2006, the resolution of video content sold on the iTunes Store was increased from 320×240 ([[Quarter VGA|QVGA]]) to 640×480 ([[Video Graphics Array|VGA]]). The higher resolution video content is encoded as 1.5 Mbit/s (minimum) Protected [[MPEG-4]] video ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]]) with a minimum 128&nbsp;kbit/s AAC audio track.
 
====Books / PDF support====
 
In February 2010, Apple announced the release of the iPad, and along with it a new app for it called [[iBooks]]. The application performs two functions. The first function is as a direct link to the iTunes book store, called ''iBookstore'', which can be accessed on iOS devices and computers (Mac or PC). The second was as a storage place for downloaded books (whether free or purchased) from the iBookstore. The format of books from the Apple store (and the only one users could use with iBooks, until PDF functionality was added later) is [[ePub]].
 
Additional functions were later added in mid-2010 to include annotations and placeholder/bookmarks in any book being read. Also PDF documents were able to be added, and were stored under their own tab in a user's iBooks library, with the same functionality. The iBooks app for the other two iOS devices (iPhone and iPod Touch) was released when iOS 4 was distributed shortly before the release of the iPhone 4.
 
One current limitation of books (though not PDF documents) is that they can only be read using the app on any iOS device and cannot be read inside iTunes on a user's Mac or PC. PDF documents can be read using [[Preview (Mac OS)|Preview]] or any other PDF reader/editor application the user has on their machine.
 
On January 19, 2012, [[Apple Inc|Apple]] announced a new part of the Books store with [[textbook]]s. They also released a new authoring method called [[iBooks Author]].
 
====iTunes in the Cloud====
On June 7, 2011, iTunes in the Cloud was debuted as part of iTunes 10.3.1.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/06/apple-announces-itunes-in-the-cloud/|title = Apple announces iTunes in the Cloud, iTunes Match|author = Donald Melanson|publisher = Engadget|date = June 6, 2011 2:45PM}}</ref> The free feature allows for the wireless synchronization of iTunes Store purchases across multiple devices. This was announced alongside the forthcoming [[iCloud]] service, which would synchronize non-iTunes-purchased media across multiple devices.
 
===iTunes Store===
{{Main|iTunes Store}}
Version 4 of iTunes introduced the [[iTunes Store]], then named the iTunes Music Store, from which iTunes users can buy and download songs for use on a limited number of computers and an unlimited number of iPods. In previous years, purchased music from the iTunes Store were copy protected with Apple's [[FairPlay]] [[digital rights management]] (DRM) system which allows protected songs to be played on up to five computers at one time, as well as unlimited devices (iPod, AppleTV, etc.) DRM protected songs cannot be played on computers not authorized to the purchaser's iTunes account. At the 2009 [[Macworld Conference & Expo]], it was announced that the iTunes Music Store would be DRM-free, with all songs [[digital rights management]] (DRM)-free by April 2009.<ref>Sadun, Erica. (2009-01-07) [http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2009/01/07/getting-naked-with-drm-free-itunes-upgrades-the-details Getting naked with DRM-free iTunes upgrades: the details]. Arstechnica.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref>
 
Apple also announced changes in their price tier. They announced that songs will now cost $0.69, $0.99, or $1.29, but did not elaborate on how they will be priced. Observers expected new hits to be $1.29 while older songs will be the cheaper $0.99 or $0.69 tier.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/06/macworld.keynote/index.html?iref=newssearch |title=Subdued reactions to Apple's final Macworld keynote |date=1-6-2009 |last=Griggs |first=Brandon |work=CNN}}</ref> However, many record labels have listed whole catalogs by artists with nothing but $1.29 songs, taking advantage of the price option. Due to this, there are very few songs in the iTunes store with a $0.69 price tag.<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes Tiered Pricing Jack Prices up by 30 Percent|publisher=[[Lifehacker]]|url=http://lifehacker.com/5202159/itunes-tiered-pricing-jacks-up-prices-by-30-percent|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref>
 
In the years since, [[film]]s, [[television program]]s, [[music video]]s, [[podcast]]s, and the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] (for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad) have been added to iTunes' extensive store catalog.
 
On January 6, 2009, [[Philip W. Schiller|Phil Schiller]] announced in his [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld]] 2009 keynote speech that over 6 billion songs had been downloaded since the service first launched on April 28, 2003,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=MacDailyNews|title=Macworld Expo 2009 Phil Schiller keynote coverage|url=http://macdailynews.com/index.php/weblog/comments/19613/}}</ref> making it the largest [[online music store]] in the world.
 
At the previous Macworld Expo 2008, Apple CEO Steve Jobs stated that the service had set a new single day record of 20 million songs on December 25, 2007. He also announced that the iTunes Store will offer over 1,000 movies for rental by the end of February.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Google]]|title=Apple to launch movie rentals from iTunes platform|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jCFY6n4HQt3hMD6qUUwFf974MByQ}}</ref> The iTunes movie catalog includes content from [[20th Century Fox]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Universal Studios]], and [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]. These movies will also be transferable to all 6th generation iPods.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=MP3 Newswire|title=iTunes Video Rental Review|url=http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/8002/itunes-rental.html}}
</ref>
 
On February 24, 2010, Apple announced that over 10 billion tracks had been downloaded from the iTunes Store.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Apple|title=iTunes celebrates ten billion songs downloaded|url=http://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-song-countdown}}</ref>
 
As of Tuesday, November 16, 2010, Beatles fans could download their entire catalog digitally via iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Apple|title=Beatles Catalog Added To iTunes|url=http://iknowjack.radio.com/2010/11/16/the-beatles-and-itunes-finally-come-together/}}</ref> Artists whose music remains largely unavailable include [[Garth Brooks]], [[AC/DC]], [[Kid Rock]], [[Tool (band)|Tool]], and [[Bob Seger]]. [[Def Leppard]] albums are no longer available through iTunes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20022964-260.html|title=Forget The Beatles—Garth Brooks still AWOL on iTunes|last=Ogg|first=Erica|work=CNET|date=2010-11-16|accessdate=2010-11-22}}</ref>
 
====iTunes U====
On May 30, 2007, Apple announced the launch of "[[iTunes U]]" via its digital content store, iTunes, which delivers university lectures through a format called iTunesU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/education/itunes-u/ |title=iTunes U – Learn anything, anywhere, anytime |publisher=Apple |accessdate=2010-08-14}}</ref><ref>[http://itunesu.pbworks.com A Directory of Colleges and Universities with iTunes U sites]. itunesu.pbworks.com</ref> The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content for students in a college or university. Member institutions have the opportunity to have their own iTunes U site, which facilitates searching for material. The online service is free for uploading or downloading these documents. iTunes U includes lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports, and campus tours provided by many colleges and universities in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand.
 
Right around the end of 2009/start of 2010, new members' institutions no longer have the capability to upload content to Apple's servers. Any member institutions before that are grandfathered in.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
 
iTunes U has collected materials from a variety of locations around the world, including colleges, universities, museums, libraries and other cultural institutions of educational value. There are currently more than 75,000 files available for download. [[The Open University]] in the UK set the record for the most downloads as of October 3, 2011 having reached 40 million downloads.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-15150319 | work=BBC News | title=Open University's record iTunes U downloads | date=2011-10-03}}</ref>
 
In late August 2010, iTunes U surpassed 300 million downloads from more than 800 institutions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
 
===Podcasting===
[[File:Podcasting icon.jpg|thumb|The icon used by Apple to represent a podcast]]
Version 4.9 of iTunes, released on June 28, 2005, added built-in support for podcasts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/45522/2005/06/podcastingfirstlook.html|title=iTunes 4.9 First Look: Apple takes on Podcasting|date=28 June 2005|accessdate=28 September 2005|publisher=Macworld}}</ref>
 
Users can subscribe to any podcast by entering its [[RSS]] feed [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], but also by browsing the [[podcast]] directory within iTunes Music Store. The front page of this displays high-profile podcasts from commercial broadcasters and independent podcasters and allows searching by category or popularity. Once subscribed, the podcast can be set to download manually, or automatically&nbsp;— and as with other audio, content can be listened to directly or synced to a portable hardware device like an [[MP3 player]].
 
The addition of podcasting functionality to such a widespread audio application like iTunes greatly helped podcasting enter the mainstream.<ref>{{cite web|title=The iTunes Effect|url=http://www.hawaiiup.com/2005/07/01/the-itunes-effect/|date=2005-07-01|publisher=HawaiiUP|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> Within days after iTunes 4.9 was released, podcasters were reporting that the number of downloads of their audio files had tripled, sometimes even quadrupled,<ref>{{cite web|title=Podcasts Get Lift From 'iTunes Effect'|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/display/?id=168564&source=r_technology|publisher=Saint Paul Pioneer Press|date=2005-07-08|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> and iTunes is considered the dominant [[Podcast#Podcatchers|podcast client]].
 
====Managing podcasts on an iPod====
iTunes offers the ability to create "Smart Playlists" that can be used to control which podcasts are in the playlist, using multiple criteria such as date, number of times listened to, type, etc.<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/itunes/features/|title=Apple&nbsp;— iTunes&nbsp;— View every feature of iTunes 8}}</ref> It is also possible to set up iTunes so that only certain playlists will be synced with the iPod. By using a combination of the two techniques, it is possible to control exactly which music and/or podcasts will be transferred to the iPod. A user may configure a smart playlist to display only podcasts less than two weeks old or removing any podcast that the iPod user has already listened to. This smart playlist is synced with the iPod every time the iPod is plugged into the PC, ensuring that the user does not have to listen to the same show more than once. Once a podcast has been listened to, it will be removed from this list as soon as the iPod is synced with the PC. There are many criteria which can control what goes in a smart playlist, such as "name", "artist", "category", "grouping", "kind", "last played", "play count", "rating", "last skipped", and "playlist" and these can be combined with functions such as "equals", "is greater than", "is less than", "contains", "does not contain", "is true", "is false", "is", "is not", "starts with", "ends with", "is in the range", "is before", and "is after". As a result, it is possible to control exactly which podcasts are transferred to the iPod.
 
====Video podcasting====
Version 6 of iTunes introduced official support for [[video podcast]]ing, although video and [[RSS]] support was already unofficially there in version 4.9.<ref name="Vodcast.nl">{{cite web|url=http://www.vodcast.nl/howto.html|first=Stef|date=7-1-2005|title=Vodcast}}</ref>
 
Users can subscribe to RSS feeds through the iTunes Store or by directly entering the feed [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]. Video podcasts can contain downloadable video files (in [[QuickTime|MOV]], [[MPEG-4 Part 14|MP4]], [[MPEG-4 Part 14|M4V]], or [[MPEG-1|MPG]] format), but also streaming sources and even [[IPTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/47484/2005/10/itunesfaq.html|title=iTunes 6: What You Need To Know|date=2005-10-17|last=Snell|first=Jason}}</ref>
 
Downloadable files can be synchronized to a video-capable iPod, or downloadable files and streams can be shown in [[Front Row (software)|Front Row]].<ref name="Vodcast.nl"/>
 
===Synchronizing iPod and other MP3 players===
iTunes 2 was the first version of the software to be able to sync with an iPod. iTunes can automatically [[Synchronization|synchronize]] its music and video library with an iPod or iPhone every time it is connected. New songs and playlists are automatically copied to the iPod, and songs and playlists that have been deleted from the library on the ''host'' computer are also deleted from the [[iPod]]. Ratings awarded to songs on the iPod will sync back to the iTunes library and [[audiobook]]s will also remember the current playback position.
 
Automatic synchronization can be turned off in favor of manually copying individual songs or complete playlists. iTunes supports copying music to an iPod; however, only music and videos purchased from the iTunes Store can be transferred from the iPod back to iTunes. This functionality was added after third-party software was written which allowed users to copy all content back to their computer. It is also possible to copy from the iPod using ordinary [[Unix]] command line tools, or by enabling hidden file viewing in [[Windows Explorer]], then copying music from the iPod drive to a local disk for backup. Doing this can be confusing because the files are arranged in such a way that their folders and (depending on iPod and iTunes versions) file names are seemingly picked at random as they are put on the iPod. It is worth noting, however, that the files (along with their embedded title and artist information) remain unchanged. It is therefore less confusing to let iTunes reimport, reorganize, and rename all of the files after they are backed up. When music or video purchased through the iTunes Store is copied from an iPod, it will only play on computers that are authorized with the account that was used to purchase them. Several third party utilities can remove this limitation by stripping iTunes [[Digital rights management|DRM]] from protected files. The legality of using such software in the United States is currently the subject of active debate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080219-doubletwist-makes-drm-stripping-sharing-easy-as-pie.html |title=doubleTwist makes DRM-stripping, sharing easy as pie |publisher=Ars Technica |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
 
When an iPod is connected that does not contain enough free space to sync the entire iTunes music library, a playlist will be created and given a name matching that of the connected iPod. This playlist can then be modified to the user's preference in song selection to fill the available space.
 
The Mac OS X version of iTunes can also synchronize with a small number of discontinued [[Digital audio player|digital music player]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes for Mac OS X: Compatible Players|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=93548|accessdate=2006-02-13}}</ref> while the Windows version supports only the iPod.<ref>{{cite web|title=MP3 player compatibility with iTunes for Windows|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=93377| accessdate=2006-02-13}}</ref> The synchronization is limited, however, in that the iPod is the only digital music player compatible with Apple's proprietary [[FairPlay]] digital rights management technology, and thus most music purchased through the iTunes Store (before the introduction of iTunes Plus) can only be played on an iPod. The remaining ability to synchronize with a limited number of legacy digital music players is likely a remnant of Apple's history in the music industry: iTunes was released in January 2001, nine months prior to the iPod's unveiling, and slightly more than two years before the introduction of the iTunes Music Store. When iTunes was released, compatibility with other music players was critical. Since iPod has now become the dominant digital music player, Apple no longer considers that compatibility to be a necessity.
 
In June 2009, [[Palm Inc]] released the [[Palm Pre]], which has the ability to sync with both the Windows and Mac OS X version of iTunes by identifying itself to iTunes as an iPod. The Pre is able to sync only DRM-free music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palm Pre Phone&nbsp;— Features, Details, Reviews : Palm USA|publisher=[[Palm Inc.]]|url=http://www.palm.com/us/products/phones/pre/index.html| accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> However, on July 14, 2009, Apple released iTunes version 8.2.1, which prevented the Palm Pre from syncing directly with iTunes. Then on July 23, 2009, [[Palm Inc]] released [[WebOS]] 1.1, re-enabling syncing between iTunes 8.2.1 and the [[Palm Pre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Palm Support : Palm Pre Sprint&nbsp;— Software update information for Palm Pre Sprint p100eww|publisher=[[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]|url=http://kb.palm.com/wps/portal/kb/na/pre/p100eww/sprint/solutions/article/50607_en.html}}</ref> But Apple again prevented Palm Pre syncing with the release of iTunes 9.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palm Pre Syncing Borked by iTunes 9|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|url=http://gizmodo.com/5355787/news-flash-palm-pre-syncing-borked-by-itunes-9| accessdate=2009-10-09}}</ref>
 
A number of unsupported third-party applications have been created to assist synchronization of songs with any music player that can be mounted as an external drive. Though iTunes is the only official method for synchronizing with the iPod, there are other applications available that allow the iPod to sync with other software players.
 
As of iTunes 7, purchased music can be copied from the iPod onto the computer. The computer must be authorized by that iTunes account. iTunes currently allows up to 5 computers to be authorized on one account. To de-authorize and register new computers thereafter, all accounts must be deleted, followed by registering the live one. This can be done only once a year.
 
iTunes does not feature any transfer facility for importing music files between computers directly. This is being addressed in September 2011 by [[iCloud]], but only tracks that Apple sell in their iTunes Store are available (in 256 kbit/s AAC format) without uploading them to iCloud first. Any other tracks, that are either not available in the Store or that the user wants in different encoding can be uploaded to the iCloud with 5 GB of free space and the, as yet undisclosed, potential to purchase more storage. Though what audio formats will be accepted for upload has not been confirmed.
 
iTunes managed content can also be accessed via the [[Apple TV]] set-top box. Files in the iTunes library can either be synchronized with the Apple TV unit, which results in their being copied to the Apple TV's hard drive (for the first generation Apple TV), or [[Streaming media|streamed]] to the Apple TV directly from a Macintosh or PC. Apple TV does not require the use of iTunes (as of the 'Take Two' software update) and can now import files from the [[iTunes Store]] directly over the internet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Import, Sync, or Stream Your Content to Apple TV|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305098|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080103120627/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305098|archivedate=2008-01-03| accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>
 
As of iTunes 9.1, it is possible to sync the iPad to iTunes, allowing music, movies, applications and [[iBooks]] to be synced to the iPad. As of 10.5, iTunes supports syncing the iPhone using both [[Wi-Fi]] and [[Bluetooth]].<ref>[http://www.netzwelt.de/news/88991-anleitung-iphone-synchronisation-ueber-bluetooth.html Tutorial: iPhone-Sync over Bluetooth] (german)</ref>
 
===iPhone activation===
Beginning with the introduction of the original iPhone, iTunes can activate their phone through their [[List of mobile network operators|mobile carrier]]. The original plan for the iPhone 3G was to have the carrier authenticate it at the point of sale, either through iTunes or through the carrier's own activation interface.<ref name=attemail>{{cite web|url=http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/06/09/iphone-3g-the-details-you-never-wanted-to-know/|work=Boy Genius|title=iPhone 3G: the details you never wanted to know|date=2008-06-09}}</ref> However, a worldwide crash of iTunes' authentication servers on July 11, 2008, the day that the iPhone 3G was released, caused major issues. In some cases, AT&T and Apple Store employees told iPhone buyers to attempt to activate it at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.betanews.com/article/iTunes_activation_outages_are_rendering_new_and_old_iPhones_problematic/1215791311|work=BetaNews|title=iTunes activation outages are rendering new and old iPhones problematic|date=2008-07-11}}</ref> Also affected were original iPhone users attempting to upgrade to the 2.0 firmware.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuaw.com/2008/07/11/itunes-activation-server-pining-for-the-fjords/|work=The Unofficial Apple Weblog|title=iTunes activation server pining for the fjords|date=2008-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/5024187/apple-and-att-stores-having-difficulty-activating-iphones-update-its-the-ipocalypse|work=Gizmodo|title=Apple and AT&T Stores Having Difficulty Activating iPhones (UPDATE: It's the iPocalypse)|date=2008-07-11}}</ref> [[UK]] Apple, [[Telefónica Europe|O2]] and Carphone Warehouse stores were further impacted, as carrier O2's contract processing servers (known as Gateway) could not handle the amount of new contracts and upgrades happening on launch day. Some stores reverted to hand written contracts, while others held stock. With the launch of the [[iPhone 3GS]] on June 19, 2009, iTunes at home activation was available for people purchasing their iPhone from [[AT&T Mobility]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. This allowed them to activate their new iPhone 3G/iPhone 3GS at home when they arrived.<ref>[http://www.att.com/Common/merger/files/pdf/iPhone/Customers_FAQs.pdf Questions from our Customers]. AT&T</ref>
 
===Integration with other applications===
In Mac OS X, iTunes is tightly integrated with Apple's [[iWork]] and [[iLife]] suites. These applications can access the iTunes Library directly, allowing access to the playlists and songs stored within (including encrypted music purchased from the iTunes Store). Music files from iTunes can be embedded directly into [[Pages (iWork)|Pages]] documents and can supply the score for iDVD, iMovie, and [[Keynote (presentation software)|Keynote]] productions. iTunes is also integrated with [[Front Row (software)|Front Row]], compiling its information from the user's iTunes and iPhoto libraries. In addition, any song exported from [[GarageBand]], Apple's basic music-making application, is automatically added to the user's iTunes music library. iTunes's Artwork.saver is a screen saver included in [[Mac OS X v10.4]] that displays album artwork as a screen saver. iTunes widget is a [[Dashboard (Mac OS)|Dashboard]] [[GUI widget|Widget]] that controls iTunes.
 
In Windows, Adobe Photoshop Elements can connect to iTunes in order to stream its photo library on Apple TV.
 
Moreover, iTunes can be scripted, using [[AppleScript]] for Mac OS X or using the Apple-provided SDK for iTunes on Windows allowing many other applications to integrate themselves into iTunes. A common use is to relay the title and artist of what the user is currently listening to into their [[Instant messaging & messengers|instant messenger]], or [[Social network service|social networking service]]. [[LimeWire]], which closed on October 26, 2010, was a [[peer-to-peer]] program that provided integration with iTunes, adding songs from LimeWire directly to your iTunes library without sharing your iTunes purchased songs.
 
In addition, visualizer plugins and device plugins are supported. Visualizer plugins allow developers to create music-driven visual displays and free software development kits are available for Mac and Windows can be from Apple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development Kits|work=[[Apple Developer Connection]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=http://developer.apple.com/sdk/|accessdate=2006-01-12}}</ref>
 
Device plugins allow support for additional music player devices, but the [[Application programming interface|API]]s is only licensed to authentic [[original equipment manufacturer|OEM]]s who sign a [[non-disclosure agreement]].
 
[[Apple Inc.]] also offers a free iOS application that allows the user to remotely control their iTunes library or [[Apple TV]] over [[Digital Audio Control Protocol|DACP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/134392/2008/07/iphone_remote.html|title=Remote lets you control iTunes from iPhone, iPod touch|first=Dan|last=Moren|publisher=Macworld}}</ref> This can be downloaded from iTunes itself or directly from one's iOS device. It is only compatible with iOS v2.0 and above. In terms of usage, it is very similar to the iPod application that is included with all iPhones, with the only difference is the lack of [[Cover Flow]] support.
 
Though iTunes itself can be installed where the user desires, ancillary applications such as Bonjour which are part of the iTunes installation cannot be placed in a user-desired directory.<ref>[http://tech.ifelix.net/3031.html '&#39;Installing Bonjour for Windows on a Vista Business Edition PC – iFelix'&#39;]. Tech.ifelix.net. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref>
 
===Printing===
To compensate for the lack of a physical CD, iTunes can print custom-made jewel case inserts as well as song lists and album lists.
After burning a CD from a playlist, one can select that playlist and bring up a dialog box with several print options. The user can choose to print either a single album cover (for purchased iTunes albums) or a compilation cover (for user-created playlists). iTunes then automatically sets up a template with art on one side and track titles on the other.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
 
===iMix===
An iMix is a free user-created playlist published in the [[iTunes Store]]. iMixes were first introduced in iTunes version 4.5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.methodshop.com/gadgets/humor/rejectedimix/index.shtml|title=Apple Rejects The First "Dirty" iMix|first=J.|last=Love|publisher=Methodshop|date=2004-05-01}}</ref> However, they are limited to 100 songs, must feature content available on the iTunes Store, and are active for one year from their original published date. iMixes are public and searchable by any iTunes user, and can be rated using a five-star system. Users can publish their iTunes iMix to their [[blog]], profile page, or website.
 
===Internet radio===
When iTunes was first released, it came with support for the [[Kerbango]] [[Internet radio]] tuner service, giving users a selection of some of the more popular online [[Streaming media|radio streams]] available.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munger|first=Michael|title=iTunes, Part 1|date=2001-04-04|url=http://www.lowendmac.com/ibasics/010404.html|accessdate=2006-07-02}}</ref> When Kerbango went out of business in 2001, Apple created its own Internet radio service for use with iTunes 2.0 and later.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alvear|first=José|title=3Com Drops Kerbango|date=2001-03-23|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/article.asp?id=6991|accessdate=2006-07-02}}</ref> As of February 2008, the iTunes radio service features 1795 "radio stations", mostly in MP3 streaming format. Programming covers many genres of music and talk, including streams from both internet-only sources and traditional radio stations. iTunes also supports the .pls and .m3u stream file formats used by [[Winamp]] and other media players.
 
Since the release of iTunes 7, Apple no longer promotes the Internet radio feature, though it remains in the application. Some third-parties offer iTunes plugins that add additional radio stations.
 
In addition, users are able to enter additional stream feeds to listen to in their own music libraries. This is done by selecting the menu item "Advanced" > "Open Audio Stream..." or by the [[hotkey]] Ctrl-U (PC) or Command-U (Mac).<ref name="apple.com"/>
 
===Ping===
{{main|iTunes Ping}}
 
Apple revealed a new feature within iTunes 10 on September 1, 2010 called Ping,<ref>[http://www.apple.com/itunes/ping/ Ping]. Apple.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> which was intended to bring a [[Social networking|social music networking]] component to users of iTunes. It was not made available to all countries.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1CrMzUIVjR4rPgEjhqwUgn-2rRQ AFP: Apple unveils social network, new iPod and TV tool]. Google.com (2010-09-01). Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Ping could be connected to user's Twitter accounts.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-12/business/24828053_1_twitter-users-iphone-app-tweets | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first1=Benny | last1=Evangelista | first2=Ellen | last2=Lee | title=Twitter seeking more room, S.F. tries to keep it | date=2010-11-12}}</ref> Ping connected user accounts of iTunes, allowing iTunes users to share and recommend music to one another.
 
Ping also let users to follow artists to see the photos and videos they have posted, their tour dates, playlists they have created, and their comments on other artists’ albums. Users could create a profile so their friends could see whom they were following, what they were listening to, and what concerts they were going to. Ping also showed users' top 10 lists of songs and albums among the people they followed. It also provided artist recommendations to follow based on one's library and preference options.<ref>[http://www.qj.net/iphone/app-store/what-is-ping-for-itunes.html What is Ping for iTunes?]. Qj.net. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref>
 
Apple officially discontinued the service on September 30, 2012 and will replace it in iTunes with [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] integration.<ref name=PCMag>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2409675,00.asp|title=Apple Shutting Down iTunes Ping on Sept. 30|publisher=Ziff-Davis|work=Apple Shutting Down iTunes Ping on Sept. 30|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=September 14, 2012|first=Angela|last=Moscaritolo}}</ref>
 
==Criticism==
===Privacy policy===
In June 2010, Apple updated its general privacy policy for the iTunes Store and iOS 4 supported devices, revealing that it could and would collect real-time location-based information on users aged 13 and over.
 
The revised policy states that Apple has the right to share this information with 3rd parties who provide services to the customer, including advertising and promotion services. Apple also states that "it may be necessary" to provide this [real-time] information in response to "requests from public and governmental authorities within or outside your country of residence or if [Apple] determines that for purposes of national security, law enforcement, or other issues of public importance, disclosure is necessary or appropriate.... Additionally, in the event of a reorganization, merger, or sale we may transfer any and all personal information we collect to the relevant third party."
 
The revised policy does not make any distinction between warrant-based and warrantless searches, nor provide what criteria would trigger the sharing of personal real-time information with government entities, nor allow an opt-out for the location-based information.
 
The revised policy prompted the co-chairs of the Bi-Partisan Privacy Caucus of the [[United States House of Representatives]] to request that Apple respond to nine basic privacy questions out of concern of possible violation of that country's Federal Communications Act. The Caucus stated it was pleased with Apple's prompt written explanations, and stated they would continue to monitor the issue.<ref name="http://www.apple.com/privacy"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.macnn.com/articles/10/07/19/reveals.details.of.how.gps.data.is.used/ |title=Apple replies to House privacy concerns
|date=July 19, 2010|publisher=macnn}}</ref>
 
===FinFisher exploit===
''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' reported in November 2011 that Apple had been aware of a security flaw since 2008, that would let unauthorized third parties install "updates" to end-user's iTunes' software.<ref name=TheTelegraph2011-11-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8912714/Apple-iTunes-flaw-allowed-government-spying-for-3-years.html
| title = Apple iTunes flaw 'allowed government spying for 3 years'
| publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]
| date = 2011-11-24
| accessdate = 2011-11-28
| quote = A British company called Gamma International marketed hacking software to governments that exploited the vulnerability via a bogus update to iTunes, Apple's media player, which is installed on more than 250 million machines worldwide.
| author = Christopher Williams
| location=London
}}
[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fapple%2F8912714%2FApple-iTunes-flaw-allowed-government-spying-for-3-years.html&date=2011-11-28 mirror]
</ref>
They reported that a security writer named [[Brian Krebs]] had informed Apple of the vulnerability in 2008.
They reported that the flaw was only closed in November 2011.
They reported that [[United Kingdom]] security software firm [[Gamma International]] developed a program named [[FinFisher]], intended to covertly spy on computer uses, which can be clandestinely installed via bogus updates to iTunes' software.
''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported Gamma International had advertised the capability to clandestinely install FinFisher by exploiting this iTunes vulnerability.<ref name=DerSpiegel2011-11-22>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,799259,00.html
| title = Firm Sought to Install Spyware Via Faked iTunes Updates
| publisher = [[Der Spiegel]]
| date = 2011-11-22
| accessdate = 2011-11-28
| quote = Apparently, at least according to a video promoting FinFisher, the software uses Apple's popular iTunes in order to load snooping software onto the computers of the intended suspects.
| page =
| author = Marcel Rosenbach
}}
[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C799259%2C00.html&date=2011-11-28 mirror]
</ref>
 
==System requirements==
===Mac===
;'''Hardware:'''
*Mac computer with an Intel Core Processor
*Intel Core Processor or faster processor is required to play Standard Definition video from the iTunes Store
*2.0&nbsp;GHz Intel Core 2 Duo or faster processor is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras from the iTunes Store
*512 MB of RAM; 1 GB is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras
*Screen resolution of 1024×768 or greater; 1280×800 or greater is required to play an iTunes LP or iTunes Extras
*Playing videos also requires at least 16 MB of video RAM
*Broadband Internet connection to use the iTunes Store
*Apple combo drive or SuperDrive to create audio, MP3, or back-up CDs; some non-Apple CD-RW recorders may also work.
*Apple SuperDrive to back up library to DVDs; some non-Apple DVD-RW drives may also work.
 
;'''Software:'''
*Mac OS X version 10.6.8 or later
*Safari 4.0.3 or later
*400 MB of available disk space
 
===Windows===
;'''Hardware:'''
*A PC with a 1&nbsp;GHz Intel or AMD processor
*Intel Pentium D or faster processor is required to play Standard Definition video from the iTunes Store
*2.0&nbsp;GHz Intel Core 2 Duo or faster processor is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras from the iTunes Store
*512 MB of RAM; 1 GB is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras
*Screen resolution of 1024×768 or greater; 1280×800 or greater is required to play an iTunes LP or iTunes Extras
*[[DirectX]] 9.0-compatible video card with 32 MB of video RAM; 64 MB recommended
*Broadband Internet connection to use the iTunes Store
*iTunes-compatible CD or DVD recorder to create audio CDs, MP3 CDs, or back-up CDs or DVDs
 
;'''Software:'''
*32-bit editions of [[Windows XP]] Service Pack 2 (or later), [[Windows Vista]], or [[Windows 7]]
*64-bit editions of [[Windows Vista]] or [[Windows 7]] require the iTunes 64-bit installer
*200 MB of available disk space
*Screen reader support requires [[Window-Eyes]] 7.1.1 or later
 
==See also==
* [[AirPlay]]
* [[List of audio conversion software|Audio conversion software, List]]
* [[Comparison of iPod managers]]
* [[Feed aggregator]]s:
** [[Comparison of feed aggregators|Feed aggregators, comparison]]
** [[List of feed aggregators|Feed aggregators, List]]
* [[Digital distribution|Distribution Into iTunes]]
* [[FairPlay]]
* [[iTunes version history]]
* [[Comparison of audio player software|Media players, comparison]]
* [[Music visualization]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
{{Wikibooks|iTunes}}
*{{Official website|http://www.apple.com/itunes/}}
 
{{navboxes
|title=iTunes
|list1=
{{iLife}}
{{Apple software on Windows}}
{{Apple software}}
{{Mac OS X}}
{{Apple}}
{{Aggregators}}
{{Media player (application software)}}
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Itunes}}
[[Category:2001 software]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. software]]
[[Category:Digital audio]]
[[Category:ITunes]]
[[Category:IPhone software]]
[[Category:IPod software]]
[[Category:Jukebox-style media players]]
[[Category:Mac OS media players]]
[[Category:Mac OS X CD ripping software]]
[[Category:Mac OS X media players]]
[[Category:Mobile device management software]]
[[Category:Online music database clients]]
[[Category:Podcasting software]]
[[Category:Tag editors]]
[[Category:Windows CD ripping software]]
[[Category:Windows CD/DVD writing software]]
[[Category:Windows media players]]
 
[[af:ITunes]]
[[ar:آي تيونز]]
[[ca:ITunes]]
[[ckb:ئایتیوونز]]
[[cs:ITunes]]
[[cy:ITunes]]
Baris 393 ⟶ 54:
[[de:ITunes]]
[[el:ITunes]]
[[en:ITunes]]
[[es:ITunes]]
[[eu:ITunes]]
[[fa:آی‌تیونز]]
[[fi:ITunes]]
[[fr:ITunes]]
[[kohe:아이튠즈ITunes]]
[[hr:ITunes]]
[[idhu:ITunes]]
[[is:ITunes]]
[[it:ITunes]]
[[heja:ITunes]]
[[jv:ITunes]]
[[ka:ITunes]]
[[kk:ITunes]]
[[ko:아이튠즈]]
[[lb:ITunes]]
[[hu:ITunes]]
[[mr:आयट्यून्स]]
[[ms:ITunes]]
[[nah:ITunes]]
[[nl:ITunes]]
[[ja:ITunes]]
[[no:ITunes]]
[[nn:ITunes]]
[[no:ITunes]]
[[pl:ITunes]]
[[pnb:آئی ٹیونز]]
[[pl:ITunes]]
[[pt:ITunes]]
[[ro:ITunes]]
Baris 422 ⟶ 84:
[[simple:ITunes]]
[[sk:ITunes]]
[[ckb:ئایتیوونز]]
[[sr:Ајтјунс]]
[[fi:ITunes]]
[[sv:Itunes]]
[[ta:ஐ-டியூன்ஸ்]]
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"