Asyurbanipal: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[File:Assurbanipal als hogepriester.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Asyurbanipal sebagai Imam Agung.]]
 
'''Asyurbanipal''' {{lang-akk|([[bahasa Akadia]]: ''Aššur-bāni-apli''}}; {{lang-arc|"ܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܒܵܢܝܼ ܐܵܦܠܝܼ"}}; "Dewa Asyur adalah pencipta ahli waris";<ref>Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, Editors Piotr Bienkowski and Alan Millard, p. 36</ref> 685 BC – c. 627 BC),<ref name=kinglist>These are the dates according to the Assyrian King list, [http://www.aina.org/aol/kinglist Assyrian kinglist]</ref> juga dieja '''Asurbanipal''', ''''Ashurbanipal''' , ''Assurbanipal''' atau '''Ashshurbanipal''', adalah seorang raja [[Kerajaan Asyur]], putra raja [[Esarhadon]] dan raja besar terakhir dari [[Kekaisaran Asyur Baru]] (668 SM – c. 627 SM).<ref name=kinglist/> Ia terkenal karena banyaknya koleksi dokumen bertulisan paku [kuneiform]] di istananya di [[Niniwe]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009855/Ashurbanipal Ashurbanipal] from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref> Koleksi ini, dikenal sebagai [[Perpustakaan Asyurbanipal]], sekarang disimpan di [[British Museum]], [[London]].
 
Di [[Alkitab Ibrani]] atau [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]] ia disebut '''Asnapar yang agung''' ([[Kitab Ezra]] pasal 4 ayat 10).<ref>{{Alkitab||Ezra 4:10}}</ref> Sejarawan Romawi, [[Justinus]] mengidentifikasikannya sebagai '''Sardanapalus'''.<ref>{{cite web
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Friction must have grown between the two brother kings and in 652 BC Babylon rebelled. This time Babylon was not alone – it had allied itself with Assyrian [[Chaldea]]n tribes, its southern regions, the kings of "[[Gutium]]", [[Amurru]], and [[Malluha]], and even Elam. According to a later Aramaic tale on Papyrus 63, [[Shamash-shum-ukin]] formally declared war on Ashurbanipal in a letter where he claims that his brother is only the governor of Nineveh and his subject.<ref>Steiner and Ninms, RB 92 1985</ref> Again the Assyrians delayed an answer, this time due to unfavourable omens. It's not certain how the rebellion affected the Assyrian heartlands but some unrest in the cities indicates that there were problems.<ref>{{cite book|first=G.|last= Frame|title= Babylonia 689-627 BC|pages=131–141}}</ref> When Babylon finally was attacked, the Assyrians proved to be more powerful. Civil war prevented further military aid, and in 648 BC [[Borsippa]] and Babylon were besieged. Without aid the situation was hopeless. After two years Shamash-shum-ukin met his end in his burning palace just before the city surrendered. This time Babylon was not destroyed, as under [[Sennacherib]], but a terrible massacre of the rebels took place, according to the king's inscriptions. Ashurbanipal allowed Babylon to keep its semi autonomous position, but it became even more formalized than before. The next king [[Kandalanu]] left no official inscription, probably as his function was only ritual.<ref>{{cite book|first=J.|last= Oates|title= Babylon|year= 2003|page= 123}}</ref>
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== Akhir pemerintahan dan Kerajaan Asyur ==
Kekaisaran Asyur jatuh pada tahun 609 SM, tetapi sudah mulai menurun sejak kematian Asyurbanipal. Dalam dekade terakhir pemerintahannya, Asyur mengalami kedamaian, tetapi nampaknya mulai terjadi kemerosotan. Dokumentasi di tahun-tahun terakhir hidupnya sangat jarang. Pernyataan terakhir dari masa pemerintahannya adalah tahun ke-38 (631 SM), tetapi menurut sumber-sumber kemudian, ia memerintah 42 tahun (jadi sampai tahun 627 SM).<ref>Sumber terpenting antara lain adalah [[Inskripsi Harran]] dan [[Daftar Raja Uruk]].</ref>
 
Setelah kematiannya, terjadi perebutan kekuasaan antara [[Ashur-etil-ilani]], saudara laki-lakinyas [[Sinsharishkun]], jenderal [[Sin-shumu-lishir]], dan orang yang kemudian menjadi raja baru Babilonia, [[Nabopolassar]]. Tidak jelas siapa berperang melawan siapa, tetapi akibatnya Kerajaan Asyur yang digjaya itu akhirnya hancur.
== The end of the Assyrian Empire==
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The Assyrian empire fell in 609 BC, in the years after his death. During the final decade of his rule, Assyria was quite peaceful, but the country apparently faced a serious decline. Documentation from the last years of Ashurbanipal's reign is very scarce but the latest attestations of Ashurbanipal's reign are of his year 38 (631 BC), but according to later sources he reigned for 42 years (627 BC).<ref>Most important examples are the Harran inscription and the Uruk king list</ref>
 
Whatever may have been the case, after his death there was a power struggle. The contenders included [[Ashur-etil-ilani]], his brother [[Sinsharishkun]], general [[Sin-shumu-lishir]], and the eventual new king of Babylonia, [[Nabopolassar]]; who fought against whom is not certain, however the internal strife weakened Assyria to such a degree that it was able to be destroyed.
 
== Art and culture ==
[[File:The famous library of king Ashur bani pal at nineveh.jpg|thumb|The famous library of king Ashur bani pal at nineveh]]
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[[Category:Raja Asyur]]
[[Category:Kelahiran 685 SMlSM]]
[[Category:Kematian 627 SM]]]
[[Category:Raja dalam Alkitab]]